词条 | Aphrodite Urania |
释义 |
The most distinctively Western Asian title of the Greek Aphrodite is Urania, the Semitic "queen of the heavens". It has been explained by reference to the lunar character of the goddess, but more probably signifies "she whose seat is in heaven", whence she exercises her sway over the whole world—earth, sea, and air alike. Her cult was first established in Cythera, probably in connection with the purple trade, and at Athens it is associated with the legendary Porphyrion, the purple king. At Thebes, Harmonia (who has been identified with Aphrodite herself) dedicated three statues, of Aphrodite Urania, Pandemos, and Apotrophia ({{lang|grc|Ἀφροδίτη Ἀποτροφία}} means "Aphrodite the Expeller", because in this role, she expels lust and evil desires from the hearts of men[11][12]). Pandemos was originally an extension of the idea of the goddess of family and city life to include the whole people, the political community. Hence the name was supposed to go back to the time of Theseus, the reputed author of the reorganization of Attica and its demes. Aphrodite Pandemos was held in equal regard with Urania; she was called σεμνή ("holy"), and was served by priestesses upon whom strict chastity was enjoined. In time, however, the meaning of the term underwent a change, probably due to the philosophers and moralists, by whom a radical distinction was drawn between Aphrodite Urania and Pandemos. According to Plato, there are two Aphrodites, "the elder, having no mother, who is called the heavenly Aphrodite—she is the daughter of Uranus; the younger, who is the daughter of Zeus and Dione—her we call common." The same distinction is found in Xenophon's Symposium, although the author is doubtful whether there are two goddesses, or whether Urania and Pandemos are two names for the same goddess, just as Zeus, although one and the same, has many titles; but in any case, he says, the ritual of Urania is purer, more serious, than that of Pandemos. The same idea is expressed in the statement[13] that after Solon's time courtesans were put under the protection of Aphrodite Pandemos. But there is no doubt that the cult of Aphrodite was on the whole as pure as that of any other divinities, and although a distinction may have existed in later times between the goddess of legal marriage and the goddess of free love, these titles do not express the idea. Aphrodite Urania was represented in Greek art on a swan, a tortoise or a globe.[14] See also
Notes1. ^Pausanias: In the temple is the image of the goddess whom they call Ourania; it is made of ivory and gold and is the work of Pheidias; it stands with one foot upon a tortoise (the tortoise was a symbol of domestic modesty and chastity). 2. ^{{cite DGRBM | last = Schmitz | first = Leonhard | authorlink = Leonhard Schmitz | wstitle = Urania 3. | publisher = Little, Brown and Company | volume = 3 | pages = 1284}} 3. ^Plato, Symposium 180 4. ^Xenophon, Symposium 8. § 9. 5. ^Hesiod, Theogony 188–206 6. ^Scholiast, ad Soph. Oed. Col. 101 7. ^Herodotus, i. 105 8. ^Suda, s.v. {{lang|grc|νηφάλια}} 9. ^Herodotus, i. 131., iii. 8 10. ^{{cite DGRBM | last = Schmitz | first = Leonhard | authorlink = Leonhard Schmitz | wstitle = Alitta | editor = William Smith | volume = 1 | pages = 132 | publisher = Little, Brown and Company }} 11. ^{{cite book|last1=Bell|first1=Robert E.|title=Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary|date=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195079777|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxUZAQAAIAA|accessdate=8 April 2018}} 12. ^{{cite book|last1=Gardner|first1=Rev. James|title=Encyclopaedia: Aa-gyro, Volume 1 of Encyclopaedia: Religions of the World, in Two Volumes, Rev. James Gardner|date=2003|publisher=Indian Publishers Distributors|isbn=9788173413087|page=154}} 13. ^quoted by Athenaeus, 569d, from Nicander of Colophon 14. ^{{EB1911 cite|wstitle=Aphrodite|volume=2|first=John Henry|last=Freese|page=167}} External links{{commonscat|Aphrodite Urania}}
1 : Epithets of Aphrodite |
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