“Appenzell Wars”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Appenzell Wars ({{lang-de|Appenzeller Kriege}}) were a series of conflicts that lasted from 1401 until 1429 in the Appenzell region of Switzerland. The wars were a successful uprising of cooperative groups, such as the farmers of Appenzell or the craftsmen of the city of St. Gallen, against the traditional medieval power structure represented by the House of Habsburg and the Prince-Abbot of the Abbey of St. Gall.

Background

Appenzell (the name in {{lang-la|abbatis cella}} means "cell (i.e. estate) of the abbot") had been under the personal control of the abbot of St. Gall. While the Prince-Abbot appointed agents or bailiffs, the communities in Appenzell were governed by a council appointed by the Landsgemeinde, in which every citizen could vote. The success of the Swiss Confederation, with similar Landsgemeinden, against the aristocratic Habsburgs encouraged the Appenzell citizens to consider throwing off the Abbot's agents.^[1] By about 1360, conflicts over grazing rights, taxes, and tithes were causing concern for both parties. Both the abbot and the farmers of Appenzell wanted to protect their rights and interests by joining the new Swabian League. In 1377 Appenzell was allowed to join the League with the support of the cities of Konstanz and St. Gallen (the city of St. Gallen was often at odds with the neighboring Abbey of St. Gall). With the support of League, Appenzell refused to pay many of the gifts and tithes that the Abbot Kuno von Stoffeln demanded. In response to the loss of revenue from his estates, Kuno approached the Austrian House of Habsburg for help. In 1392 he made an agreement with the Habsburgs, which was renewed in 1402. In response, in 1401 Appenzell entered into an alliance with the city of St. Gallen to protect their rights and freedom.^[2]

Outbreak of the war

Following increasing conflicts between the Appenzellers and the abbot's agents, including the bailiff of Appenzell demanding that a dead body be dug up because he wanted the man's clothes,^[1] the Appenzellers planned an uprising. On a certain day, throughout the abbot's lands, they attacked the bailiffs and drove them out of the land. Following unsuccessful negotiations Appenzell and St. Gallen entered into a treaty. The treaty between St. Gallen and Appenzell marked a break between the abbot and his estates. Perhaps fearing the Habsburgs, in 1402 the League expelled Appenzell. During the same year, St. Gallen reached an agreement with the abbot and Appenzell could no longer count on St. Gallen's support. Appenzell declared itself ready to stand against the abbot, and in 1403 formed an alliance with the Canton of Schwyz, a member of the Old Swiss Confederation that had defeated the Austrians in the last century. Glarus provided less support, but authorized any citizen who wished to support Appenzell to do so.^[1] In response, the League raised an army and marched to St. Gallen before heading toward Appenzell. In May 1403, the abbot's and the League's troops marched toward Trogen. On 15 May 1403, they entered the pass to Speicher and outside the village of Vögelinsegg met the Appenzell army. A small force of about 80 Appenzellers started the attack from a hill over the valley, with about 300 soldiers from Schwyz and 200 from Glarus moving around the flanks of the army. When the League's cavalry charged up the hill, they met 2000 Appenzellers and were forced to retreat. During the retreat, about 600 horsemen and many of the 5000 infantry were killed by the Appenzell army.^[1] The League signed a peace treaty with Appenzell at Arbon, but the peace was short lived.

Independence for Appenzell

Along with independence, in the peace treaty Appenzell gained some of the abbot's land in the Rhine valley and around Lake Constance, which angered the abbot. Additionally, over the next two years, the city of St. Gallen and Appenzell drew closer. By 1405 the abbot had found another ally and was ready to retake his land. Frederick IV, Duke of Austria, provided the abbot with two Austrian armies to attack Appenzell.

On 17 June 1405, the main army marched into Stoss Pass on the border of Appenzell and there met the Appenzell army. Following a brutal battle, the Austrian army was forced to retreat. The story that the Austrians retreated when they saw a second Appenzeller army, which was actually the women of Appenzell who had come to help their husbands and brothers, only appears in later sources and is not considered accurate.^[3]

Following the Appenzell victory at Stoss Pass, they formed an alliance with the city of St. Gallen, which was known as the {{lang|de|Bund ob dem See}} ("alliance over the sea", referring to the nearby Lake Constance). The creation of the {{lang|de|Bund}} shook the foundation of Austrian power in the Lake Constance region.^[2] By 1406 they had taken more than 60 castles and destroyed 30. During the expansion, Appenzell had even captured the abbot of St Gall and in response they were excommunicated by the Bishop of Constance.^[1]

However, while the {{lang|de|Bund}} expanded the Austrians used the peace to regain their strength. On September 11, 1406, an association of nobles formed a knightly order known as the {{lang|de|Sankt Jörgenschild}} ("Order of St. George's Shield") to oppose the rebellious commoners of the {{lang|de|Bund}}.^[4] The order besieged the {{lang|de|Bund}} city of {{lang|de|Bregenz}} in 1407. On January 13, 1408, {{lang|de|Bund}} troops marched against the Order and Austrian troops outside the city. The attack was a disaster for the {{lang|de|Bund}}, when their troops were defeated and driven back from the walls. Following the defeat Appenzell was unable to hold the {{lang|de|Bund}} together. The city of St. Gallen and the canton of {{lang|de|Schwyz|nocat=y}} each paid off the Austrians to avoid an attack, and the {{lang|de|Bund}} was dissolved by King Rupert on April 4, 1408.^[2]

As part of the peace treaty, the abbot gave up his ownership of Appenzell, but was still owned certain taxes.^[1] However, it wasn't until 1410 that the area was at peace.^[2]

In 1411 Appenzell signed a defensive treaty with the entire Swiss Confederation (except Bern), which strengthened their position against the abbot. Appenzell joined the Confederation as an "Associate Member", and wouldn't become a full member until 1513. In the following years, Appenzell refused to pay the taxes that they owed the abbot. In 1421 the Confederation supported the abbot against Appenzell over the matter of these taxes, and an imperial ban was declared to try to force them to pay. When this was unsuccessful, in 1426 they were placed under an interdict and an army was sent into Appenzell to force them to pay. Frederick VII, Count of Toggenburg, supported by the Order of St. George's Shield marched into Appenzell. On 2 December 1428 they encountered and defeated the Appenzell army behind a heavy fortification (known as a Letzi) on the field between Gossau and Herisau. Following the battle, in 1429 Appenzell was forced to repay the owed taxes but was granted freedom from the obligations in the future. This treaty represented the end of Appenzell's last financial tie to the Abbey of St. Gall, and a movement to closer relationships with the Confederation.^[2]

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite book | last = Williams | first = Henry Smith | title = The Historians' History of the World | publisher = Hooper & Jackson | volume = 16 | pages = 581–583 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zLEVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA581#PPA583,M1 | year = 1908}}
2. ^¹²³⁴{{HLS|8874|Appenzell War}}
3. ^{{cite encyclopedia |title=Switzerland |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |volume=26 |pages=250 |year=1911 |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Switzerland/History/Shaking_off_the_Empire |accessdate=2008-12-17 }}
4. ^{{HLS|17160|Order of St. George's Shield}}