| 词条 | Great Langdale |
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|Cumbria |lat=54.44912 |long=-3.07333 |width=180 |float=right |caption=Great Langdale valley shown within Cumbria ({{gbmapping|NY305065}}) }} Great Langdale is a valley in the Lake District National Park in North West England, the epithet Great distinguishing it from the neighbouring valley of Little Langdale. Langdale is a popular location for hikers, climbers, fell-runners and other outdoor enthusiasts who are attracted by the many fells ringing the head of the valley. Among the best-known features of Great Langdale are the Langdale Pikes, a group of peaks on the northern side of the dale. England's highest mountain, Scafell Pike, can be climbed by a route from Langdale. Langdale has views of, in particular, Dungeon Ghyll Force waterfall, Harrison Stickle and Pike of Stickle. Langdale was an important site during the Neolithic period for producing stone axes, and was also one of the centres of the Lakeland slate industry. Langdale is also the name of a valley in the Howgill Fells, elsewhere in Cumbria. HistoryLangdale is known to archaeologists as the source of a particular type of Neolithic polished stone axe head, created on the slopes of the Pike of Stickle and traded all over prehistoric Great Britain and Europe. It also supplied stone for some Bronze Age items, such as stone wrist-guards. Neolithic cup and ring marks are found on the Langdale Boulders at Copt Howe. GeographyThe mouth of the valley is located at Skelwith Bridge, which lies about two miles west of the town of Ambleside. The Langdale valley contains two villages, Chapel Stile and Elterwater, and a hamlet at High Close. Great Langdale is a U-shaped valley formed by glaciers, while Little Langdale is a hanging valley. Slate industryLangdale and Elterwater were centres of the Lakeland slate industry. Two slate workings, Elterwater Quarry and Spout Cragg Quarry, have been more or less continually working using modern methods. Elterwater is the larger of the two, and like Spout Cragg, is operated by the Burlington Stone company. There are various other local quarries now fallen into disuse, such as Lingmoor, Banks, Thrang Crag and Colt Howe. Axe industry{{main|Langdale axe industry}}Langdale had a productive stone axe industry during the Neolithic period. The area has outcrops of fine-grained greenstone suitable for making polished axes which have been found distributed across the British Isles.[1] The rock is an epidotised greenstone quarried or perhaps just collected from the scree slopes in the Langdale Valley on Harrison Stickle and Pike of Stickle. The Langdale PikesAmong the best-known features of Great Langdale are the Langdale Pikes, a group of peaks on the northern side of the dale. From below, they appear as a sharp rocky ridge, though they are precipitous only on their southern side; to the north, the land sweeps gently to High Raise, the parent peak of the range. The Pikes themselves include (from west to east) Pike of Stickle, Loft Crag, Harrison Stickle and Pavey Ark. Pike of Stickle{{main|Pike of Stickle}}Pike of Stickle, also known as Pike o’ Stickle, reaches a height of 709 metres (2,326 feet). The rearward slopes show evidence of the Pavey Ark Member, pebbly sandstone and breccia. The Langdale face displays several strata: from the top The Lingmell Formation, Crinkle Member and Bad Step Tuff. These are composed, respectively, of tuff, lapilli-tuff and breccia; rhyolitic tuff and breccia; and rhyolitic lava-like tuff.[2] Despite the peaked profile the summit is wide enough for a sizeable cairn surrounded by a small level area. Loft Crag and Gimmer Crag steal the attention in the foreground while Bowfell impresses across Langdale. A wide swathe of the Southern Fells is in view, whilst even distant Skiddaw puts in an appearance.[3] Loft Crag{{main|Loft Crag}}Loft Crag has an altitude of 2,238 feet (682 metres). It lies between Harrison Stickle and Pike o’ Stickle and is usually climbed in conjunction with these two peaks. The fell has a small sharp summit, below which rises Gimmer Crag, which is one of the top rock climbing venues in the Lake District. The crag is made of Rhyolite rock and was pioneered in the early 1880s by the father of British rock climbing Walter Parry Haskett Smith.[4][3][5] Harrison Stickle{{main|Harrison Stickle}}Harrison Stickle is the high point of the Langdale Pikes and its crags fall south and east from the summit, presenting an arresting view from the valley floor 2,000 ft below, or from further afield. To the north, the main ridge of the central fells passes over Thunacar Knott before climbing to High Raise. The craggy eastern face of this ridge continues north as far as Harrison's near neighbour, Pavey Ark, visually the most impressive face in the area. The south-western border of Harrison Stickle is formed by the deep ravine of Dungeon Ghyll, which cuts through the parapet of the Langdale Pikes and into the lower hinterland of Harrison Combe. Across the Ghyll westwards are Thorn Crag, Loft Crag and finally Pike of Stickle. Below the steep eastern face of Harrison Stickle lie Stickle Tarn and its Ghyll, thus ensuring that all drainage from the fell is to Great Langdale. The tarn is a water filled corrie about 50 ft deep, this being enhanced by a dam. The water is used for public consumption in Great Langdale.[6] Pavey Ark{{main|Pavey Ark}}Pavey Ark is 700 m (2,297 ft) high. The main face is a little over a quarter of a mile across and drops about 400 ft. To the south-west it merges into the crags of Harrison Stickle, while the northern end peters out into the valley of Bright Beck. Stickle Tarn is wholly within the territory of the Ark, a corrie tarn which has been dammed to create additional capacity. The stone-faced barrage is low enough not to spoil the character of the pool, and the water is used for public consumption in the hotels and homes below. The tarn has a depth of around 50 ft.[6] Other fellsLangdale's highest fell is Bow Fell. Other notable Langdale fells are Crinkle Crags, at the head of the Oxendale valley, and Pike o' Blisco on the southern side of the valley. Dungeon GhyllDungeon Ghyll is a ravine on the north side of the valley, starting on the fell slopes between Harrison Stickle and Loft Crag/Pike o' Stickle. It is narrow, and a No Through Route for walkers. Much more open is Stickle Ghyll, which descends from Stickle Tarn. There is a well–trodden path from the Stickle Ghyll car park opposite the New Dungeon Ghyll hotel up to the tarn, parts of which have been improved with stone slabs to reduce erosion. Another waterfall, known as Dungeon Ghyll Force, is up a path behind the Old Dungeon Ghyll hotel. Middle Fell Bridge here is the bridge centring in the plot of the landmark film 1945 Brief Encounter.[7] Cultural Reference{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833/Langdale Pikes|"Langdale Pikes",a poem by L. E. L.}} Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poetical illustration, Langdale Pikes (1832), ignores the mountains and eulogises on the excellent trout fishing in the river. TourismThere are a number of popular fell walking routes include Bowfell, Crinkle Crags, the Langdale Pikes and England's highest mountain, Scafell Pike. There are also rock-climbing spots on the valley floor, such as Raven Crag, Gimmer Crag and White Ghyll, providing some of the most spectacular rock routes in the UK.[8] The Langdale Leisure Limited company, consisting of a hotel, timeshare lodges and leisure facilities, operates in the valley.[9] Old Dungeon GhyllThe Old Dungeon Ghyll Hotel was originally a farm and inn. It was bought by the historian Professor G.M. Trevelyan who donated it to the National Trust. The hotel and the Hikers Bar have a long association with climbing and many famous climbers have stayed at the hotel or drunk in the bar. In climbing circles it is known as the "ODG".[10] Further down the valley there is the New Dungeon Ghyll hotel, built in 1862.[11] Campsites in the area include the National Trust site near Dungeon Ghyll and the Baysbrown Farm campsite at Chapel Stile. References{{commons category|Great Langdale}}{{clear}}1. ^Rodney Castleden, {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Langdale+axe+industry&as_brr=3&ei=8brQSqKrMor-zQSsxL2CDg&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=Langdale%20axe%20industry&f=false |title=Neolithic Britain: new stone age sites of England, Scotland, and Wales |publisher=Routledge, 1992| isbn=0415058457 |accessdate=2009-10-10 }} {{coord|54.44912|N|3.07333|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NY305065)|display=title}}2. ^British Geological Survey: 1:50,000 series maps, England & Wales Sheet 38: BGS (1999) 3. ^1 Mark Richards: The Central Fells: Collins (2003): {{ISBN|0-00-711365-X}} 4. ^British Geological Survey: 1:50,000 series maps: sheet 38; BGS (1998) 5. ^Alfred Wainwright: Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, Book 3 The Central Fells: Westmorland Gazette (1958): {{ISBN|0-7181-4002-8}} 6. ^1 Blair, Don: Exploring Lakeland Tarns: Lakeland Manor Press (2003): {{ISBN|0-9543904-1-5}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM9HRH_Brief_Encounter_Middle_Fell_Bridge_Dungeon_Ghyll_Cumbria_UK|title=Brief Encounter, Middle Fell Bridge, Dungeon Ghyll, Cumbria, UK - Movie Locations on Waymarking.com|author="bill&ben"|date=24 August 2010|website=waymarking.com|accessdate=17 February 2019}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-northwest/w-lakedistrict-feature/w-northwest-lakedistrict_camping/w-northwest-lakedistrict_camping-langdale.htm |title=Camping in the Lake District – Great Langdale |publisher=National Trust |accessdate=2009-10-10 }} 9. ^{{cite book |first=Christopher Stephen |last=Brown |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNHcGEyBiVYC&pg=PA340 |title=The sustainable enterprise: profiting from best practice |publisher=Kogan Page Publishers |date=2005 |ISBN=0-7494-4220-4}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.odg.co.uk/about/index.cfm?id=2 |title=The Old Dungeon Ghyll Hotel in Langdale has a fascinating history in the Lake District area |publisher=www.odg.co.uk |accessdate=2009-10-10 }} 11. ^{{cite book|author=Bill Birkett|title=A Year in the Life of the Langdale Valley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijL8S7NX6bYC&pg=PT13|date=15 November 2004|publisher=Frances Lincoln Ltd|isbn=978-0-7112-2449-0|pages=13}} 7 : Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cumbria|Stone Age sites in England|Valleys of Cumbria|Westmorland|Archaeological sites in Cumbria|National Trust properties in Cumbria|South Lakeland District |
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