| 词条 | Archachatina marginata |
| 释义 |
| image = Archachatina marginata shell.jpg | image_caption = The shell of Archachatina marginata | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Mollusca | classis = Gastropoda | unranked_superfamilia= clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura clade Panpulmonata clade Eupulmonata clade Stylommatophora informal group Sigmurethra | superfamilia = Achatinoidea | familia = Achatinidae | genus = Archachatina | species = A. marginata | binomial = Archachatina marginata | binomial_authority = (Swainson, 1821) | synonyms = }} Archachatina marginata, common name the Giant west African snail or banana rasp snail, is a species of air-breathing tropical land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinidae. They can grow up to 20 cm long, and live up to 10 years. DistributionThis species occurs in Western Africa: Cameroon through Democratic Republic of the Congo, and can be found in the Caribbean, in Martinique.[1] How the species reached Martinique is unknown, but it is possible they were intentionally introduced as "pets" or by workers returning from West Africa.[2] The natural spread of this species is very slow; however, unintentional spread by individuals for food and as folk medicine is very common.[3] The USDA routinely checks for the species in the luggage of travelers from West Africa, Nigeria particularly, Ghana and Cameroon. This species has not yet become established in the United States, but it is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest, an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the United States.[4] DescriptionThe snail has a bulbous protoconch that is large and broad, with a white or bluish-white columella, parietal wall and outer lip. The shell of the snail can grow up to 21 centimeters in height, and 13 centimeters in diameter. The shell, when magnified, has the appearance of a woven texture.[5] Invasive speciesThe snail feeds on a large variety of plants, mainly fruits. Plants included in the snail's diet are bananas, lettuce, peanuts, and peas, some of which are important crops in certain economies.[6] The giant West African snail is one of the worst invasive species in the world and is extremely devastating to any species that it affects. However, the more prevalent problem with the spread of the snail as an invasive species is that it is often a carrier of the parasitic rat lungworm which causes angiostrongyliasis which in turn is the most common cause of the eosinophilic meningitis or eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, which is the public health issue that makes the snails' spread to North America problematic. If the snails continues to spread it could potentially be a problem for the health of people all throughout North America from Cuba to the United States.[7][8] EcologyAchatinids are nocturnal forest dwellers but can adapt to disturbed habitats. The snails prefer concealed habitats and if overcrowding occurs, they may colonize more open habitats. During periods of high humidity, Achatinids are more active but if the individuals are found during broad daylight it is most likely due to high population density. Eggs of Achatinids are normally laid in the soil, but can be found under leaves or rocks. They produce as many as 40 eggs which are yellow in color with dark blotches and an incubation period of approximately 40 days. DietWild snails eat plants at a ferocious rate.{{Clarify|reason=vague|date=May 2016}} Oftentimes this leads to property destruction and damage to homes. Studies have shown that the snails will eat during the day but they prefer to eat at night. Wild snails have a very wide appetite on a whole and they are known to eat up to 500 different species of plants. Snails that have become domesticated typically consume food that is high in protein and low in fats. Studies from 2005 that were done to test food on domesticated snails have shown that poultry droppings have been the most effective meal to both grow and gain weight.[9] Nervous systemIn this organism's nervous system, there are two main types of nerves: pallial nerves and visceral nerves. Pallial nerves are the subject of the majority of scientific research. Visceral nerves are split into two subcategories: the main visceral nerve and the rectal visceral nerve. The main visceral nerve is on the snail's back and connects to a large group of nerve cells to transmit information in the body. The rectal visceral nerve starts further down under the main visceral and extends a short length before branching off near the rectum.[10] Heat can stimulate reactions in the West African snail as a result of the snail's nervous system. The nerves produce warm responsive fibers when the temperature exceeds 25 °C and produce cold responsive fibers when the temperature falls below 19 °C. The ideal temperature range for this species falls between 13 and 32 °C; this is also formally known as the thermopreferendum of the species.[11] Subspecies
References1. ^{{Cite web|url = https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/gas/downloads/achatinamarginata.pdf|title = Archachatina marginata (Swainson, 1821)|date = |accessdate = October 29, 2015|website = United States Department of Agriculture|publisher = USDA/APHIS|last = |first = }} 2. ^{{Cite web|url = http://freshfromflorida.s3.amazonaws.com/The-Giant-African-Snail-Lissachatina-fulica-History-and-Reported-Biology_Robinson.pdf|title = The Giant African snail (Lissachatina fulica); its history and reported biology|date = |accessdate = October 29, 2015|website = |publisher = USDA APHIS National Malacology Laboratory and The Academy of Natural Sciences|last = Robinson|first = David G.}} 3. ^[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091119101207.htm Let Them Eat Snail: Nutritional Giant Snails Could Address Malnutrition]. ScienceDaily (November 20, 2009) 4. ^{{cite journal|author=Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. |year=2009|title=Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment|journal=American Malacological Bulletin|volume=27|pages=113–132|url=http://dillonr.people.cofc.edu/Cowie-et-al-2009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616175729/http://dillonr.people.cofc.edu/Cowie-et-al-2009.pdf |archive-date=2016-06-16 }} 5. ^{{Cite web|url = https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/gas/downloads/achatinamarginata.pdf|title = Archachatina marginata|date = |accessdate = October 29, 2015|website = |publisher = United States Department of Agriculture|last = |first = }} 6. ^{{Cite book|title = The Giant African Snail: A Problem In Economic Malacology|last = Mead|first = Albert|publisher = The University of Chicago Press|year = 1961|isbn = |location = Chicago, Illinois|pages = 40–49}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|title = First record of the invasive land snail Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica (Bowdich, 1822) (Gastropoda: Achatinidae), vector of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae), in Havana, Cuba|journal = Molluscan Research|date = 2015-04-03|pages = 139–142|volume = 35|issue = 2|doi = 10.1080/13235818.2014.977837|first = Antonio A.|last = Vázquez|first2 = Jorge|last2 = Sánchez}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url = http://idtools.org/id/mollusc/factsheet.php?name=Archachatina%20marginata|title = Archachatina marginata|date = September 2, 2011|accessdate = October 29, 2015|website = Terrestrial Mollusc Tool|publisher = USDA/APHIS/PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology and the University of Florida|last = White-McLean|first = J.A.}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|title = Performance, proximate and mineral analyses of African giant land snail (Archachatina marginata) fed different nitrogen sources|url = http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/14989|journal = African Journal of Biotechnology|date = 2005-03-21|issn = 1684-5315|pages = 412–417|volume = 3|issue = 8|first = K. O.|last = Ademolu|first2 = A. B.|last2 = Idowu|first3 = C. F.|last3 = Mafiana|first4 = O. A.|last4 = Osinowo}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|title = Some Aspects of the Structure and Function of the Nervous System of Archachatina (Calachatina) marginata (Swainson)|journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|date = 1961|pages = 267–288|volume = 154|issue = 955|doi = 10.1098/rspb.1961.0032|first = R. H.|last = Nisbet}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|title = Electrophysiological responses to thermal stimuli in peripheral nerves of the African giant snail, Archachatina marginata S.|journal = Journal of Thermal Biology|date = 2001|pages = 21–27|volume = 26|issue = 1|doi = 10.1016/S0306-4565(00)00021-8|pmid = 11070341|first = M.|last = Voss|first2 = H.|last2 = Schmidt}} External links{{Commons category|Archachatina marginata}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q4034278}} 2 : Achatinidae|Gastropods described in 1821 |
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