| 词条 | Arches National Park | ||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Arches National Park | iucn_category = II | photo = Delicate arch sunset.jpg | photo_caption = Delicate Arch with background of La Sal Mountains | map = USA#Utah | map_caption = Location in the United States##Location in Utah | relief = 1 | location = Grand County, Utah, United States | nearest_city = Moab, Utah | coordinates = {{coords|38.68333|-109.56667|display=inline, title}} | area = {{convert|76,679|acre|sqmi ha km2}}[1] | established = {{start date|1929|4|12}}, as a national monument | visitation_num = 1,663,557 | visitation_year = 2018 | visitation_ref = [2] | governing_body = National Park Service | website = {{Official website}} }}Arches National Park is a national park in eastern Utah, United States. The park is adjacent to the Colorado River, {{convert|4|mi|km|0}} north of Moab, Utah. More than 2,000 natural sandstone arches are located in the park, including the well-known Delicate Arch, as well as a variety of unique geological resources and formations. The park contains the highest density of natural arches in the world.[3][4] The park consists of {{convert|76,679|acre|sqmi ha km2}} of high desert located on the Colorado Plateau.[5] The highest elevation in the park is {{convert|5653|ft|m}} at Elephant Butte, and the lowest elevation is {{convert|4085|ft|m}} at the visitor center. The park receives an average of less than {{convert|10|in|mm}} of rain annually. Administered by the National Park Service, the area was originally named a national monument on April 12, 1929, and was redesignated as a national park on November 12, 1971.[6] The park received more than 1.6 million visitors in 2018.[2] GeologyThe national park lies above an underground evaporite layer or salt bed, which is the main cause of the formation of the arches, spires, balanced rocks, sandstone fins, and eroded monoliths in the area. This salt bed is thousands of feet thick in places, and was deposited in the Paradox Basin of the Colorado Plateau some 300 million years ago (Mya) when a sea flowed into the region and eventually evaporated. Over millions of years, the salt bed was covered with debris eroded from the Uncompahgre Uplift to the northeast. During the Early Jurassic (about 210 Mya), desert conditions prevailed in the region and the vast Navajo Sandstone was deposited. An additional sequence of stream-laid and windblown sediments, the Entrada Sandstone (about 140 Mya), was deposited on top of the Navajo. Over 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of younger sediments were deposited and have been mostly eroded away. Remnants of the cover exist in the area including exposures of the Cretaceous Mancos Shale. The arches of the area are developed mostly within the Entrada formation.[7] The weight of this cover caused the salt bed below it to liquefy and thrust up layers of rock into salt domes. The evaporites of the area formed more unusual "salt anticlines" or linear regions of uplift.[7] Faulting occurred and whole sections of rock subsided into the areas between the domes. In some places, they turned almost on edge. The result of one such {{convert|2500|ft|m|adj=on}} displacement, the Moab Fault, is seen from the visitor center. As this subsurface movement of salt shaped the landscape, erosion removed the younger rock layers from the surface. Except for isolated remnants, the major formations visible in the park today are the salmon-colored Entrada Sandstone, in which most of the arches form, and the buff-colored Navajo Sandstone. These are visible in layer-cake fashion throughout most of the park. Over time, water seeped into the surface cracks, joints, and folds of these layers. Ice formed in the fissures, expanding and putting pressure on surrounding rock, breaking off bits and pieces. Winds later cleaned out the loose particles. A series of free-standing fins remained. Wind and water attacked these fins until, in some, the cementing material gave way and chunks of rock tumbled out. Many damaged fins collapsed. Others, with the right degree of hardness and balance, survived despite their missing sections. These became the famous arches. Although the park's terrain may appear rugged and durable, it is extremely fragile. More than 1 million visitors each year threaten the fragile high-desert ecosystem.[8] The problem lies within the soil's crust, which is composed of cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, and lichens that grow in the dusty parts of the park. Factors that make Arches National Park sensitive to visitor damage include being a semiarid region, the scarce, unpredictable rainfall, lack of deep freezing, and lack of plant litter, which results in soils that have both a low resistance to, and slow recovery from, compressional forces such as foot traffic. Methods of indicating effects on the soil are cytophobic soil crust index, measuring of water infiltration, and t-tests that are used to compare the values from the undisturbed and disturbed areas.[9] {{-}}Climate{{Weather box|location = Arches National Park Headquarters (1981–2015 normals)|single line = Y |collapsed = Y |Jan high F = 44 |Feb high F = 52 |Mar high F = 64 |Apr high F = 71 |May high F = 82 |Jun high F = 93 |Jul high F = 100 |Aug high F = 97 |Sep high F = 88 |Oct high F = 74 |Nov high F = 56 |Dec high F = 45 |year high F= 71.4 |Jan low F = 22 |Feb low F = 28 |Mar low F = 35 |Apr low F = 42 |May low F = 51 |Jun low F = 60 |Jul low F = 67 |Aug low F = 66 |Sep low F = 55 |Oct low F = 42 |Nov low F = 30 |Dec low F = 23 |year low F= 44.8 |precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation inch = 0.58 | Feb precipitation inch = 0.50 | Mar precipitation inch = 0.78 | Apr precipitation inch = 0.74 | May precipitation inch = 0.68 | Jun precipitation inch = 0.44 | Jul precipitation inch = 0.83 | Aug precipitation inch = 0.96 | Sep precipitation inch = 0.84 | Oct precipitation inch = 1.24 | Nov precipitation inch = 0.60 | Dec precipitation inch = 0.55 | Jan snow inch = 1.9 | Feb snow inch = .9 | Mar snow inch = .7 | Apr snow inch = 0 | May snow inch = 0 | Jun snow inch = 0 | Jul snow inch = 0 | Aug snow inch = 0 | Sep snow inch = 0 | Oct snow inch = 0 | Nov snow inch = .6 | Dec snow inch = 2.5 |year snow inch = |unit precipitation days = 0.01 in | Jan precipitation days = 4.0 | Feb precipitation days = 4.4 | Mar precipitation days = 6.1 | Apr precipitation days = 5.3 | May precipitation days = 4.6 | Jun precipitation days = 3.1 | Jul precipitation days = 5.2 | Aug precipitation days = 6.6 | Sep precipitation days = 5.2 | Oct precipitation days = 5.5 | Nov precipitation days = 4.5 | Dec precipitation days = 3.9 |year precipitation days = |unit snow days = 0.1 in | Jan snow days = 1.3 | Feb snow days = .8 | Mar snow days = .4 | Apr snow days = 0 | May snow days = 0 | Jun snow days = 0 | Jul snow days = 0 | Aug snow days = 0 | Sep snow days = 0 | Oct snow days = 0 | Nov snow days = .4 | Dec snow days = 1.4 |source 1 = NOAA (extremes 1893–present) }}{{Moab, Utah weatherbox|collapsed = Y}} HistoryHumans have occupied the region since the last ice age 10,000 years ago. Fremont people and Ancient Pueblo People lived in the area until about 700 years ago. Spanish missionaries encountered Ute and Paiute tribes in the area when they first came through in 1775, but the first European-Americans to attempt settlement in the area were the Mormon Elk Mountain Mission in 1855, who soon abandoned the area. Ranchers, farmers, and prospectors later settled Moab in the neighboring Riverine Valley in the 1880s. Word of the beauty of the surrounding rock formations spread beyond the settlement as a possible tourist destination. The Arches area was first brought to the attention of the National Park Service by Frank A. Wadleigh, passenger traffic manager of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. Wadleigh, accompanied by railroad photographer George L. Beam, visited the area in September 1923 at the invitation of Alexander Ringhoffer, a Hungarian-born prospector living in Salt Valley. Ringhoffer had written to the railroad in an effort to interest them in the tourist potential of a scenic area he had discovered the previous year with his two sons and a son-in-law, which he called the "Devil's Garden" (known today as the Klondike Bluffs). Wadleigh was impressed by what Ringhoffer showed him, and suggested to Park Service director Stephen T. Mather that the area be made a national monument. The following year, additional support for the monument idea came from Laurence Gould, a University of Michigan graduate student (and future polar explorer) studying the geology of the nearby La Sal Mountains, who was shown the scenic area by local physician Dr. J. W. "Doc" Williams. A succession of government investigators examined the area, in part due to confusion as to the precise location. In the process, the name "Devil's Garden" was transposed to an area on the opposite side of Salt Valley, and Ringhoffer's original discovery was omitted, while another area nearby, known locally as "The Windows", was included. Designation of the area as a national monument was supported by the Park Service from 1926, but was resisted by President Calvin Coolidge's Interior Secretary, Hubert Work. Finally, in April 1929, shortly after his inauguration, President Herbert Hoover signed a presidential proclamation creating Arches National Monument, consisting of two comparatively small, disconnected sections. The purpose of the reservation under the 1906 Antiquities Act was to protect the arches, spires, balanced rocks, and other sandstone formations for their scientific and educational value. The name "Arches" was suggested by Frank Pinkely, superintendent of the Park Service's southwestern national monuments, following a visit to the Windows section in 1925. In late 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a proclamation that enlarged Arches to protect additional scenic features and permit development of facilities to promote tourism. A small adjustment was made by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1960 to accommodate a new road alignment. In early 1969, just before leaving office, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed a proclamation substantially enlarging Arches. Two years later, President Richard Nixon signed legislation enacted by Congress, which significantly reduced the total area enclosed, but changed its status to a national park. {{-}}Recreational activitiesClimbing Balanced Rock or any named or unnamed arch in Arches National Park with an opening of more than 3 feet is banned by park regulations. Climbing on other features in the park is allowed, but regulated; in addition, slacklining and BASE jumping are banned parkwide.[10] Climbing on named arches within the park had long been banned by park regulations, but following Dean Potter's successful free climb on Delicate Arch in May 2006, the wording of the regulations was deemed unenforceable by the park attorney. In response, the park revised its regulations later that month,[11] eventually imposing the current ban on arch climbing in 2014.[12] Approved recreational activities include auto touring, backpacking, biking, camping, and hiking, some of which require permits. Guided commercial tours and ranger programs are also available. Astronomy is also popular in the park due to its dark skies, despite the increasing light pollution from towns such as Moab.[13][14] Publicity{{unsourced|section|date=July 2018}}American writer Edward Abbey was a park ranger at Arches National Monument, where he kept journals that became his book Desert Solitaire. The success of this book, as well as the rise in adventure-based recreation, has drawn many hikers, mountain-bikers, and off-road enthusiasts to the area, but activities are limited within park boundaries: camping, foot hiking (along designated trails), and driving only along marked roads. The Hayduke Trail, an {{convert|825|mi|km|adj=on}} backpacking route named after one of Edward Abbey's characters, begins in the park. Arches National Park is the subject of the third 2014 quarter of the U.S. Mint's America the Beautiful quarters coin program commemorating national parks and historic sites. Plants and animalsAn abundance of wildlife occurs in Arches. The list includes: spadefoot toad, antelope squirrel, scrub jay, peregrine falcon, many kinds of sparrows, red fox, desert bighorn sheep, kangaroo rat, mule deer, cougar, midget faded rattlesnake, yucca moth, western rattlesnake, and the collared lizard.[15] Plants also dominate the landscape in the park. The list of plants includes: prickly pear cactus, Indian ricegrass, bunch grasses, cheatgrass, lichen, moss, liverworts, Utah juniper, Mormon tea, blackbrush, cliffrose, four-winged saltbrush, pinyon pine, evening primrose, sand verbena, yucca, and sacred datura.[16] Biological soil crust consisting of cyanobacteria, lichen, mosses, green algae, and microfungi is found throughout southeastern Utah. The fibrous growths help keep soil particles together, creating a layer that is more resistant to erosion. The living soil layer readily absorbs and stores water, allowing more complex forms of plant life to grow in places with low precipitation levels.[17]FeaturesAmong the notable features of the park are:
GallerySee also{{Portal|Utah}}
References1. ^{{NPS area|year=2011|accessdate=2012-03-05}} 2. ^1 {{NPS Visitation|accessdate=2019-03-06}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Rowan|first1=James|title=Arches National Park|url=http://faculty.yc.edu/tconaway/new%20site/geologyweb/arches.html|website=YC.edu|publisher=Yavasai College|accessdate=7 September 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Nature|url=https://www.nps.gov/arch/learn/nature/index.htm|website=NPS.gov|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=7 September 2016}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Arches National Park|url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/national-parks/arches-national-park/|publisher=nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=2 October 2013}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Arches National Park |work=The National Parks: Index 2009–2011 |publisher=National Park Service |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nps/nps/part2.htm#arch |accessdate=2011-06-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629022806/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nps/nps/part2.htm |archivedate=29 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 7. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Kiver|first1=Eugene P.|last2=Harris|first2=David V.|title=Geology of U.S. parklands|date=1999|publisher=J. Wiley|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=0-471-33218-6|page=503-515|edition=5th}} 8. ^{{cite book|author1=National Geographic|authorlink1=National Geographic|title=Guide to the national parks of the United States.|date=2007|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1435129504|pages=152-157|edition=5th}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Belnap|first1=J|title=Choosing Indicators of Natural Resource Condition: a Case Study in Arches National Park, Utah, USA|journal=Environmental Management|date=July 1998|volume=22|issue=4|pages=635–642}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Rock Climbing - Arches National Park|url=https://www.nps.gov/arch/planyourvisit/rockclimbing.htm|website=NPS.gov|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=January 13, 2018|date=December 18, 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.nps.gov/arch/parknews/news050606.htm |title=Arches announces climbing closures |date=May 9, 2006 |accessdate=2011-06-08|quote=All rock climbing or similar activities on any arch or natural bridge named on the United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographical maps covering Arches National Park are prohibited.}} 12. ^{{cite web|last1=Cannon|first1=Kate|title=Activities on Arches Determination - Arches National Park|url=https://www.nps.gov/arch/learn/management/determination-arches.htm|website=NPS.gov|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=January 13, 2018|date=September 29, 2014|quote=In accordance with the provisions of 36 CFR 1.5, and the requirements of NPS Management Policies 2006 Sections 1.5 and 8.2, it is my professional judgment that it is necessary to prohibit climbing, scrambling, or walking upon, wrapping webbing or rope around, or rappelling from any arch with an opening greater than 3 feet in Arches and Canyonlands National Parks, except for Washer Woman Arch in the Island in the Sky District of Canyonlands.}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/arch/naturescience/lightscape.htm |title=Arches National Park – Lightscape/Night Sky |accessdate=2011-01-04| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101201003340/http://www.nps.gov/arch/naturescience/lightscape.htm| archivedate= 1 December 2010 | deadurl= no}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.caglow.com/info/darksky/arches |title=Arches National Park – Dark Sky, USA |accessdate=2011-01-04}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/arch/naturescience/animals.htm |title=Animals - Arches National Park (U.S. National Park Service) |publisher=Nps.gov |date=2013-11-25 |accessdate=2013-11-30}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/arch/naturescience/plants.htm |title=Plants - Arches National Park (U.S. National Park Service) |publisher=Nps.gov |date=2013-11-25 |accessdate=2013-11-30}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/seug-soil-crust.htm |title=Biological Soil Crust of Southeast Utah |website=nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |date=n.d. |accessdate=2018-04-19}} 18. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.nps.gov/arch/parknews/news080808.htm|title=Wall Collapses|date=August 8, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|location=Arches National Park}} 19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/10/AR2008081000492.html|title=Iconic Stone Arch Collapses in Southern Utah Park|last=Stark|first=Mike|date=August 10, 2008|work=Washington Post}} Further reading
External links{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Arches National Park|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=Arches National Park|species=no|d=no}}
10 : Arches National Park|1929 establishments in Utah|Colorado Plateau|National parks in Utah|Natural arches of Utah|Protected areas established in 1971|Protected areas of Grand County, Utah|Protected areas on the Colorado River|Natural arches of Grand County, Utah|Geotopes |
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