“Argentina–Germany relations”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Argentina–Germany relations are foreign relations between Argentina and Germany. The free city-state of Hamburg was the first German state to establish diplomatic relations with Argentina in 1829. The first ambassador of Germany to Argentina was sent on 7 May 1871.

German immigration in Argentina is the largest in Hispanic America. Over 3,000,000 Argentines are of German descent.

They had great influence in the Argentine education system and many German schools were a place in the country. In fact, the Argentine army planned to recruit a large number of German scientists and technicians for industry. Many German entrepreneurs and professionals believe that Argentina was industrialized and could be narrowed through greater ties of German technology. The creation of newspapers in German as Argentinisches Tageblatt, which means "Argentine newspaper" outstanding and continues to this day.

The German Ambassador to Argentina is Bernhard von Waldersee and the Argentine Ambassador to Germany is Luis María Kreckler.

Country comparison

Relations

1870-1939

Trade developed between Germany and Argentina as early as the German Unification of 1871.

During the First World War, the major powers used propaganda to gain support in Argentina. Germany used the daily newspaper La Unión. It tried to counteract the pro-Allied mood that prevailed in public opinion due to demographic, economic, cultural, and informational factors. It succeeded in motivating the German community, but with British control of the Atlantic Ocean the economic relations favoured the Allies.^[9]

The prestige of Germany and German culture in Argentina remained high after the First World War but did not recovered to its pre-war levels.^[10]^[11]

World War II

By the beginning of World War II, Argentina had a significant population of ethnic Germans. One area where they were particularly prominent was Misiones Province, Argentina's northeastern panhandle bordering on Paraguay and Brazil. It is estimated that by the early 1940s, there were around 10,000 ethnic Germans in Misiones, out of the province's total population of 190,000.^[12]

With the rise of Nazism in Germany, Nazi agents started active propaganda work among the ethnic Germans living in Argentina, with Nazi-organized meetings reportedly held as early as 1933. The pro-Nazi-Germany atmosphere in some small, predominantly German communities of the northeast was so intense during WWII, that some Argentinian officials who visited such towns reported that they could hardly feel themselves to still be in Argentina.^[13] The Nazis were strongly opposed by the local Polish-Argentinians, as well as by the anti-Nazi German-Jewish minority.^[13] Argentina stayed neutral during the whole of World War II, declaring war on Germany only just before its capitulation. To postwar Germans, Argentina was the most desirable destination for middle- and upper-class emigrants next to Switzerland. Many returned after the fall of Peron. However, Germans traditionally consider themselves to have a Special Relationship to Argentina and Chile, two countries maintaining an unabated state of friendship in good as in bad times.

Under President Juan Peron following 1945 some Nazi officials emigrated to South America to avoid prosecution. Those who lived in Argentina included Adolf Eichmann, Josef Mengele, Aribert Heim, Eduard Roschmann and "Bubi" Ludolf von Alvensleben. ^[14]

Since 1960

During the temporary Argentinian Occupation of the Falklands in 1982, Argentina was prepared to remove its troops if they could be replaced by "neutral" ones. Their suggestion was that the USA could represent Britain while Germany would do so for Argentina.

In 2007, Germany was Argentina's fourth-largest import partner at 5 percent, behind Brazil, the United States, and China.^[15]

Diplomatic missions

Argentina has an embassy in Berlin and Consulate-Generals in Frankfurt and Hamburg. Germany has an embassy in Buenos Aires and 11 honorary consulates, in Bariloche, Córdoba, Eldorado, Mar del Plata, Mendoza, Posadas, Salta, Santa Fe, Tucumán and Ushuaia.

Cultural relations

Architecture

The first German architects in Argentina were Jesuits who settled in the 18th century. For example, the oldest church preserved in Buenos Aires, the Church of San Ignacio, was built by a German John Krauss (1664-1714), who arrived in 1697. And they were followed by a lot of engineers and German architects who carried out many public works, ports, bridges, temples, schools, etc. to more recent lengthwise and widthwise of Argentina dates.

The former Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín" of the University of Buenos Aires was designed by a German architect Philip Schwarz, the city of La Plata was outlined by a German Carlos Glade. The Legislature of La Plata (1882) was designed by Gustav Heine and Georg Hagemann (architects from Hannover), to manage the site, sent Carlos Nordmann to Argentina. The municipality of the city itself was designed by Uberto Stier (architect in Hannover). Market Fruits of Avellaneda (152,000 meters square ), the largest wool- stock of the world, was built by German Fernando Moog, the same who later also designed the Odeon Theatre.

The Palace of Justice in La Plata was designed by Adolph Büttner, the Caraffa Fine Arts Museum of Cordoba was built by Juan Kronfuss and military facilities Campo de Mayo were built by the company Siemens Bauunion, like building State phones (Corrientes and Maipu, Buenos Aires). Passage Siemens, with access to the Avenida de Mayo, is a design by Hans Hertlein, while the Subway " A" ( 1913 ), the General Guemes Gallery ( 1915 ), the Central Post Office (1915), the refrigerator Armour La Plata (1916), the Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires (1918 onwards), the Superior School of Commerce Carlos Pellegrini, the plant CADE Puerto Nuevo ( 925) and the Obelisk of Buenos Aires (1936) are works of the German company GEOPÉ, which German director was John Hartmann.^[16]

Language

German takes fourth place after English, French and Italian among the foreign languages taught at Argentine secondary schools, colleges and universities. Conversely, nearly half of the German population can speak Spanish well. In Germany, 3.2 percent of persons speak Spanish.

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Key Findings WPP 2015_Final.docx |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2018-09-06}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2016/08/PD16_295_12411pdf.pdf;jsessionid=996EC2DF0A8D510CF89FDCBC74DBAE9F.cae2?__blob=publicationFile |title=Press report |website=www.destatis.de |format=PDF}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf |title=Microsoft PowerPoint - Primera encuesta nacional sobre creencias y actitudes religiosas para iRENE.ppt |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2018-09-06}}
4. ^{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=2016|title=Konfession, Bundesland - weighted (Kumulierter Datensatz)|url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6888_V313&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6888_V7&previousmode=table&sort=column&byc=2&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6888&charttype=null&by=1&mode=table&v=2&V313slice=1&V7slice=12&order=asc&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6888_V319&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6888_V320&analysismode=table&gs=5&tabcontenttype=row&top=yes|journal=Politbarometer 2016|volume=|pages=Question V312.F1|via=GESIS}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=42&pr.y=12&sy=2013&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=38&pr.y=3&sy=2014&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=134&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete.pdf|title=- Human Development Reports|website=hdr.undp.org}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=Statistics |date=2015 |website=hdr.undp.org |format=PDF}}
9. ^María Inés Tato, "Fighting for a Lost Cause? The Germanophile Newspaper La Unión in Neutral Argentina, 1914–1918." War in History (2017) 25#4 pp 464-484.
10. ^{{cite book |last1=Sanhueza |first1=Carlos |language=Spanish |year=2011 |chapter=El debate sobre "el embrujamiento alemán" y el papel de la ciencia alemana hacia fines del siglo XIX en Chile |chapter-url=http://publications.iai.spk-berlin.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/Document_derivate_00000510/BIA%20146%20Sanhueza.pdf |title=Ideas viajeras y sus objetos. El intercambio científico entre Alemania y América austral. Madrid–Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana–Vervuert |pages=29–40 |}}
11. ^{{cite journal |last1=Penny |first1=H. Glenn |last2= |first2= |date=2017 |title=Material Connections: German Schools, Things, and Soft Power in Argentina and Chile from the 1880s through the Interwar Period |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/material-connections-german-schools-things-and-soft-power-in-argentina-and-chile-from-the-1880s-through-the-interwar-period/0FA72CBBF44C2C944477364ED259E153 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=519–549. |doi=10.1017/S0010417517000159 |access-date=December 13, 2018}}
12. ^{{cite book|title=The ‘Nazi Menace’ in Argentina, 1931–1947|isbn=0-8047-1929-2|first=Ronald|last=Newton|publisher= Stanford University Press|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CzOsAAAAIAAJ|page=82}}
13. ^¹Newton, pp. 82–83.
14. ^Uki Goñi, The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Peron's Argentina (Granta, 2002).
15. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html |title=Argentina |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=23 April 2009 |accessdate=29 April 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090503015927/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html| archivedate= 3 May 2009 | deadurl= no}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/desarrolloeconomico/distritoseconomicos/distritoaudiovisual/barroco-aleman-german-baroque|title=Barroco alemán - German baroque|website=Buenos Aires Ciudad - Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires}}