1. Description

2. Distribution
     Global "mega-colony"  

3. Behavior

4. Reproduction and seasonal colony trends

5. Impact

6. Pest control

7. See also

8. References

9. External links

The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), formerly Iridomyrmex humilis, is an ant native to northern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and southern Brazil. It is an invasive species that has been established in many Mediterranean climate areas,^[1] inadvertently introduced by humans to many places, including South Africa, New Zealand, Japan, Easter Island, Australia, Europe, Hawaii, and the continental United States.^[2][3]

Description

The worker ants are {{convert|1.6|-|2.8|mm|in|2}} long^[4][5]{{Dubious|Size?|date=August 2016| reason=Two sources give quite different sizes. Orkin says 2.2–2.8 mm; Clemson says 1.6 mm.}} and can easily squeeze through cracks and holes as small as {{convert|1|mm|in|2}} in size. Queens are {{convert|4.2|-|6.4|mm|in}} long,^[4] much smaller than other species of ants. These ants will set up quarters in the ground, in cracks in concrete walls, in spaces between boards and timbers, even among belongings in human dwellings. In natural areas, they generally nest shallowly in loose leaf litter or beneath small stones, due to their poor ability to dig deeper nests. However, if a deeper nesting ant species abandons their nest, Argentine ant colonies will readily take over the space.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

Austrian entomologist Gustav L. Mayr identified the first specimens of Hypoclinea humilis in the vicinity of Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1866. This species was shortly transferred to the genus Iridomyrmex, and finally to Linepithema in the early 1990s.

Distribution

The native range of Argentine ants is limited to around major waterways in the lowland areas of the Paraná River drainage. They have recently spread into parts of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.^[6] The species has become established in at least 15 countries throughout the world, on six continents, as well as many oceanic islands.^[7]

Global "mega-colony"

According to research published in Insectes Sociaux in 2009, it was discovered that ants from three Argentine ant supercolonies in America, Europe, and Japan, that were previously thought to be separate, were in fact most likely to be genetically related. The three colonies in question were one in Europe, stretching {{convert|6,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} along the Mediterranean coast, the "Californian large" colony, stretching {{convert|900|km|mi|abbr=on}} along the coast of California, and a third on the west coast of Japan.^[8][9]

Based on a similarity in the chemical profile of hydrocarbons on the cuticles of the ants from each colony, and on the ants' non-aggressive and grooming behaviour when interacting, compared to their behaviour when mixing with ants from other super-colonies from the coast of Catalonia in Spain and from Kobe in Japan, researchers concluded that the three colonies studied actually represented a single global super-colony.^[8][9]

The researchers stated that "enormous extent of this population is paralleled only by human society", and had probably been spread and maintained by human travel.^[8][9]

Behavior

They have been extraordinarily successful, in part, because different nests of the introduced Argentine ants seldom attack or compete with each other, unlike most other species of ant. In their introduced range, their genetic makeup is so uniform that individuals from one nest can mingle in a neighboring nest without being attacked. Thus, in most of their introduced range, they form supercolonies. "Some ants have an extraordinary social organization, called unicoloniality, whereby individuals mix freely among physically separated nests. This type of social organization is not only a key attribute responsible for the ecological domination of these ants, but also an evolutionary paradox and a potential problem for kin selection theory because relatedness between nest mates is effectively zero."^[10] The Very Large Colony, which covers territory from San Diego to beyond San Francisco, may have a population of nearly one trillion individuals.^[11]

Conflict does occur between members of different supercolonies. In 1997, UC San Diego researchers observed fighting between different Argentine ants kept in lab, and in 2004 scientists began to map out the boundaries of the different supercolonies that clashed in San Diego. On the border of the Very Large Colony and the Lake Hodges Colony thirty million ants die each year on a battlefront that covers miles.^[12]

In contrast, native populations are more genetically diverse, genetically differentiated (among colonies and across space), and form colonies that are much smaller than the supercolonies that dominate the introduced range. Argentine ants in their native South America also co-exist with many other species of ants, and do not attain the high population densities that characterize introduced populations.^[13]

In a series of experiments, ants of the same colony were isolated and fed different diets. The hydrocarbons from the diet were eventually incorporated into the cuticle of the subjects. Those that had the same diet appeared to recognize one another as kin. Those who had at least some overlap in dietary composition also appeared to react non-aggressively to one another. These interactions contrasts drastically with the groups that fed on completely different sources, such as those who lived off flies and those that fed on grasshoppers. The groups appeared to have incorporated hydrocarbons that were not similar to the others and created an unfamiliar identity cue. These groups reacted violently towards each other. This suggests that dietary factors affect the recognition cues for colony members.^[14][15]

Reproduction and seasonal colony trends

Like workers in many other ant species, Argentine ant workers are unable to lay reproductive eggs but can direct the development of eggs into reproductive females; the production of males appears to be controlled by the amount of food available to the larvae.^[16] Argentine ant colonies almost invariably have many reproductive queens, as many as eight for every 1,000 workers. The queens seldom or never disperse in winged form. Instead, colonies reproduce by budding off into new units. As few as ten workers and a single queen can establish a new colony.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

The seasonal low occurs in mid-winter, when 90% of a representative colony consisted of workers and the remainder of queens, and no reproductive activity and minimal birthing. Eggs are produced in late-winter, nearly all of which hatch into sexual forms by May. Mating occurs after the females emerge. Worker production increases steadily from mid-March to October, after which their numbers are not replenished; thus, their numbers drop steadily over the winter months.^[17]

Colonies in the Argentine ant's native habitat are kept within a range of ten to one hundred meters by colonies of interspecific and intraspecific rivals. As the colonies expand, they appear to form fluctuating territory borders, which contract and expand on a seasonal and conditional basis. There is an expansive push outward in the summer months, with a retreating motion in the winter. This has to do with soil moisture and temperature conditions.^[18] At the edges of these borders are either rival L. humile colonies or other obstacles that prevent further expansion, such as an inhospitable environment for nesting.^[18]

Impact

The ants are ranked among the world's 100 worst animal invaders.^[19] In its introduced range, the Argentine ant often displaces most or all native ants. This can, in turn, imperil other species in the ecosystem, such as native plants that depend on native ants for seed dispersal, or lizards that depend on native ants for food. For example, the recent severe decline in coastal horned lizards in southern California is closely tied to Argentine ants displacing native ant species on which the lizards feed.^[20]

Argentine ants sometimes tend aphid colonies,^[21] and their protection of this plant pest from predators and parasitoids can cause problems in agricultural areas.^[22] In return for this protection, the ants benefit by feeding off an excretion known as honeydew. Thus, when Argentine ants invade an agricultural area, the population densities of these plant parasites increase and so does the damage they cause to crops.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} There is also evidence that the presence of Argentine ant may decrease the number of pollinators that visit natural flowering plants via predation on the larvae of the pollinators.^[23]

Pest control

Argentine ants are a common household pest, often entering structures in search of food or water (particularly during dry or hot weather), or to escape flooded nests during periods of heavy rainfall. When they invade a kitchen, it is not uncommon to see two or three queens foraging along with the workers. Eliminating a single queen does not stop the colony's ability to breed.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

A non-toxic way to eradicate these ants is by dusting the trails, feeding sites and nest entrances with diatomaceous earth, if the problem is inside the home use food grade earth.

Borate-sucrose water baits are toxic to Argentine ants, when the bait is 25% sucrose water, with 0.5–1.0% boric acid or borate salts.

Due to their nesting behavior and presence of numerous queens in each colony, it is generally impractical to spray Argentine ants with pesticides or to use boiling water as with mound building ants. Spraying with pesticides has occasionally stimulated increased egg-laying by the queens, compounding the problem. Pest control usually requires exploiting their omnivorous dietary habits, through use of slow-acting poison bait (e.g. fipronil, hydramethylnon sulfuramid), which will be carried back to the nest by the workers, eventually killing all the individuals, including the queens. It may take four to five days to eradicate a colony in this manner.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

Researchers from the University of California, Irvine, have developed a way to use the scent of Argentine ants against them.^[26] The exoskeletons of the ants are covered with a hydrocarbon-laced secretion. They made a compound that is different, but similar, to the one that coats the ants. If the chemical is applied to an ant, the other members of the colony will kill it.^[27] The chemical method may be effective in combination with other methods.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

Another approach for a large scale control of the Argentine ant has been proposed by researchers from Japan, who showed that it is possible to disrupt its trails with synthetic pheromones.^[28] This has been confirmed in various later trials by a New Zealand-led team in Hawaii ^[29] and by researchers from Victoria University of Wellington who showed that this approach is beneficial for other local ant species.^[30]

See also

• Linepithema humile virus 1, a virus carried by Argentine ants

References

External links

• {{cite web |url= http://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/ants/argentine-ants/ |title=Argentine Ant Fact Sheet |author=National Pest Management Association}} with information on habits, habitat and prevention
• {{cite web |url=http://www.cisr.ucr.edu/argentine_ant.html |work=Center for Invasive Species Research |publisher=University of California, Riverside |title=Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) |author=Matt Daugherty}}
• {{cite web |url=http://myrmecos.net/2008/04/13/how-to-identify-the-argentine-ant-linepithema-humile/ |title=How to identify the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile |author=Alex Wild |work=Myrmecos|date=2008-04-13 }}
• {{cite web |url= http://www.radiolab.org/blogs/radiolab-blogland/2012/jul/31/argentine-ant-invasion/ |title=The Argentine Ant Invasion |author=RadioLab}}
• {{cite web |url=http://www.radiolab.org/blogs/radiolab-blog/2012/jul/30/ants/ |title=Argentine Invasion |author=RadioLab}}

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