| 词条 | Army of Helvetia | ||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Army of Helvetia, or ({{lang-fr|Armée d'Helvétie}}), was a unit of the French Revolutionary Army. It was formed on 8 March 1798 from the remnants of the first unit to be known as the Army of the Rhine. It was officially merged into the command structure of the Army of the Danube on 29 April 1799, although it continued to operate in the Swiss theater until 1801. The Army's initial campaigning in the old Swiss Confederation resulted in severe setbacks and defeats at Feldkirch, Lusiensteig, and Zurich. Background{{Main|French Revolutionary Wars}}From October 1797 until 1–2 March 1798, when the French crossed the Rhine into Germany, the signatories of the Treaty of Campo Formio had avoided armed conflict. Several diplomatic incidents undermined this agreement: the reluctance of the Austrians to cede the designated territories; the ineptitude of Second Congress of Rastatt to orchestrate the transfer of additional territories that would compensate the German princes for their losses; the refusal of Ferdinand of Naples to pay tribute, followed by the Neapolitan rebellion; and the subsequent establishment of the Parthenopaean Republic.[1] Other factors contributed to the rising tensions as well. On his way to Egypt, Napoleon had stopped on the Island of Malta and forcibly removed the Knights of Malta from their possessions, angering Tsar Paul I of Russia, who was the honorary head of the order. The French Directory, furthermore, was convinced that the Austrians were conniving to start another war. The weaker the French Republic seemed, the more the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians and the English were discussing this possibility.[2] The Fall of the Swiss Confederation{{See|Switzerland in the Napoleonic era}}On 12 April 1798 121 deputies of the various cantons established the Helvetic Republic by proclamation as "One and Indivisible". The new regime abolished both cantonal sovereignty, or the practice of particular local governance, and feudal rights, and established a centralized state based on the ideas of the French Revolution. This change in governing structure was backed up by military force, through the presence of French soldiers. Origins and variations{{Empty section|date=July 2010}}Campaigns{{Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars in Switzerland}}Battles{{Empty section|date=January 2011}}Commanders
References
1. ^Timothy Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars, New York, Oxford University Press, pp. 230-232. 2. ^Gallagher, John, Napoleon's enfant terrible: General Dominique Vandamme, Tulsa, University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-8061-3875-6}} p. 70. 3. ^{{fr icon}} Lazare Carnot, Étienne Charavay, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XHE_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA475&dq=Balthazar+Alexis+Henri+Schauenburg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QZ2-VKz4EsejgwS9yYHYCw&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCTge#v=onepage&q=Balthazar%20Alexis%20Henri%20Schauenburg&f=false Correspondance générale de Carnot: publiee avec des notes], France, Imprimerie nationale, 1894, Volume 2, pp. 474–475.
|title=Napoleon’s great adversaries: Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792–1914 |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire |publisher=Spellmount |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-86227-383-2}}
3 : Armées of the French First Republic|1798 establishments in Europe|Field armies of France |
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