“Arthur de Carle Sowerby”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Arthur de Carle Sowerby (8 July 1885 – 16 August 1954; {{zh|c=苏柯仁|p=Sū Ke Ren}}) was British naturalist, explorer, writer, and publisher in China. His father was Arthur Sowerby (15 October 1857 – ?; {{zh|c=苏道味|p=Sū Dao Wei }}).

Background

Arthur Sowerby was the son of a Christian missionary in China, the Reverend Arthur Sowerby, and Louisa Clayton. He was also the great-great-grandson of James Sowerby the botanist and founder of the Geological Society.^[1] From 1881, Arthur's parents were based at the Baptist Missionary Society mission station in Shanxi.^[2] The Sowerby family was on furlough in England at the time of the 1900 Boxer Rebellion during which many of their friends and colleagues at their Shanxi mission station were massacred.^[3]

Education

Sowerby attended Bristol University studying for a BSc in Science but dropped out and returned to China where he was appointed lecturer and curator of the Anglo-Chinese College in Tientsin.^[1]

Expeditions

Sowerby joined the Duke of Bedford’s 1906 Mission to collect zoological specimens in Shensi for the British Museum during which time he discovered a new species of Jerboa which was subsequently named after him Dipus sagitta sowerby.

Sowerby was taken on as a naturalist for Robert Sterling Clark's Expedition of 1909 which sought specimens from the Yellow River into Shensi and then to Kansu province and made the first map of a little-known area of China. Clarke and Sowerby later published a book about the expedition entitled Through Shên-kan: the account of the Clark expedition in north China, 1908-9. Sowerby married Mary Ann Mesny in 1909, but she was to die just 5 years later.^[4]

He made four separate expeditions into Manchuria and parts of Mongolia during the next few years, the last being in 1915 and then wrote his book Fur and Feather in North China. In the autumn of 1915 he went over to meet his brother and sister, both missionaries in Sian, and took the opportunity to seek more specimens in the Ch'ingling range to the south of the city.^[3]

Shaanxi Relief

During the Xinhai Revolution, Arthur headed up the Shaanxi (Shensi) Relief Expedition. The expedition's task was to rescue and lead to safety as many foreign missionaries as possible. Setting out in December 1911 they trekked to Xi'an where the whole area was in a state of political upheaval following the overthrow of the dynasty. Bandit hordes were rampaging and had taken over much of the countryside. After a number of hair-raising experiences they returned to the safety of Peking in early 1912.^[5]

First World War

Sowerby returned to England during the First World War with the intention of joining up, but to his dismay was posted to the Chinese Labour Corps (CLC) due to his ability to speak the language. He was demobilised in 1919, remaining in England for a further year while writing The Naturalist in Manchuria.^[1]

The China Journal

By the early part of the 1920s, Sowerby found that his chronic arthritis was preventing him from making any more major expeditions and therefore, when he met and married Clarice Moise in 1922, during her stay in Shanghai on her world tour, they settled in Shanghai where they decided to found the China Journal which they edited until 1938, with Sowerby making regular contributions and editorials.^[6]

Second World War

After the Japanese capture of Shanghai's International Settlement on 8 December 1941, Sowerby, along with thousands of Allied nationals, lived under the Japanese occupation. Early on the morning of 5 November 1942 he was arrested, along with some 350 other prominent or suspicious individuals, by the Japanese kempeitai. However, due to ill health, he was released later that day, while the others began an almost three year internment in the Haiphong Road Camp. In June 1944 the Japanese revoked all previous exemptions from internment due to medical grounds and Sowerby was interned in the Lincoln Avenue Camp at the end of the month. While in camp, he taught botany and zoology to internees. .^[7]

Other interests

Sowerby was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, a Fellow of the Zoological Society, a member and President (1935-1940) of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society and also President (1928) of the China Society of Science and Arts (in Shanghai), as well as being Honorary Director of the Shanghai Museum.^[3]

Death

Sowerby and his third wife Alice retired to Washington, D.C. in the United States where Arthur died in 1954.^[3]

Publications

See also

References

1. ^¹²{{Cite book| last = Sowerby | first = Richard Raine | title = Sowerby of China: Arthur de Carle Sowerby | publisher = Titus Wilson and Son | year = 1956}}
2. ^{{Cite book|contribution=Sowerby, Rev. Arthur| title = Who's who in the Far East |date=June 1906 | publisher = The China Mail | location = Hong Kong | page = 296 | contribution-url =https://archive.org/stream/whoswhoinfareast00hongrich#page/296/mode/2up}}
3. ^¹²³{{Cite journal| last = Stevens | first = Keith | title = Naturalist, Author, Artist, Explorer and Editor, and Almost Forgotten President: Arthur de Carle Sowerby, 1885-1954, President of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1935-1940 | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch | year = 1998|volume= 38|pages=121-136|url=http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/9b730a8a22bfdd4602c943490b4baf6b.pdf}}
4. ^{{Cite book| last = Clark | first = Robert Sterling and Sowerby, Arthur de Carle | title = Through Shên-kan: the account of the Clark expedition in north China, 1908-9 | publisher = London [etc.] T.F. Unwin | year = 1912}}
5. ^{{Cite book| last = Borst-Smith | first = Ernest F. | title = Caught in the Chinese Revolution | publisher = T Fisher Unwin | year = 1912}}
6. ^The China Journal, China Society of Arts and Science
7. ^{{Cite book| last = Leck| first = Greg | title = Captives of Empire: The Japanese Internment of Allied Civilians in China, 1941-1945| publisher = Shandy Press| year = 2006}}