| 词条 | Asian Peruvians |
| 释义 |
|group = Asian Peruvians |image= |caption= |population = 3,670,000 7% of Peru's population[1][2] |popplace = Lima{{·}}La Libertad{{·}}Lambayeque |langs = Spanish{{·}}Chinese{{·}}Japanese{{·}}Korean |rels = Buddhism{{·}}Catholicism{{·}}Protestantism{{·}}Shintoism. |related = Asian Latin Americans }} Asian Peruvians, primarily Chinese and Japanese, constitute some 5-7% of Peru's population, which in proportion to the overall population is one of the largest of any Latin American nation. Peru has the second largest population of Japanese people in Latin America after Brazil and the largest population of Chinese people in Latin America. East AsiansAsian slaves, shipped from the Spanish Philippines to Acapulco (see Manila-Acapulco galleons), were all referred to as "Chino" meaning Chinese. In reality they were of diverse origins, including Japanese, Malays, Filipinos, Javanese, Timorese, and people from modern day Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Makassar, Tidore, Terenate, and China.[3][4][5][6] Filipinos made up most of their population.[7] People from this diverse community of Asians in Mexico were called "los indios chinos" by the Spanish.[8] Most of these slaves were male and were obtained from Portuguese slave traders who obtained them from Portuguese colonial possessions and outposts of the Estado da India, which included parts of India, Bengal, Malacca, Indonesia, Nagasaki in Japan, and Macau.[9][10] Spain received some of these Chino slaves from Mexico, where owning a Chino slave was a sign of high status.[11] 16th century records of three Japanese slaves, Gaspar Fernandes, Miguel and Ventura, who ended up in Mexico showed that they were purchased by Portuguese slave traders in Japan and brought to Manila from where they were shipped to Mexico by their owner Perez.[12][13] Some of these Asian slaves were also brought to Lima, where it was recorded that in 1613 there was a small community of Asians made out of Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, Malays, Cambodians and others.[14][15][16][17] FilipinosFilipinos form the oldest Asian ethnic group in Peru and the rest of Latin-America.[18] The bulk of Filipinos served as mariners in the transpacific Manila Galleon trade, which had Lima, Peru as a secondary port to Acapulco, Mexico. Their total number is unknown due to high levels of assimilation. Both Filipinos and "native" Peruvians practice Catholicism and have a Hispanic culture and Spanish names. These factors facilitate assimilation. Chinese{{main|Chinese Peruvians}}Historic communities inhabited by people of Chinese descent are found throughout the Peruvian upper Amazon, including cities such as Yurimaguas, Nauta, Iquitos and the north central coast (Lambayeque and Trujillo). In contrast to the Japanese community in Peru, the Chinese appear to have intermarried much more since they came to work in the rice fields during the Viceroyalty and to replace the African slaves, during the abolition of slavery itself. Japanese{{main|Japanese Peruvians}}Japanese immigrants arrived from Okinawa; but also from Gifu, Hiroshima, Kanagawa and Osaka prefectures. Many arrived as farmers or to work in the fields, but after their respective contracts were completed, settled in the cities.[19] In the period before World War II, the Japanese community in Peru was largely run by Issei immigrants born in Japan. "Those of the second generation", (the Nisei), "were almost inevitably excluded from community decision-making."[20] The first Asian-Peruvian president, Alberto Fujimori, was elected in 1990, prevailing over novelist Mario Vargas Llosa. Koreans{{main|Koreans in Peru}}According to the statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Koreans in Peru formed Latin America's seventh-largest Korean diaspora community at 1,774 people {{as of|2005|lc=on}}.[21] Other groupsIndians in Peru form a tiny minority in the country. The first immigrants from India to have arrived in Peru were businessmen who had gone there in the early 1960s. Later on, the community grew in number marginally until the early 1980s, after which many of its members left due to the severe local economic crises and the prevailing terrorism.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} An estimated 10,000 Palestinians live in Peru alone, many of these families who arrived after the first Israel wars in 1948-49 had re-established and bettered themselves in Peru when it comes to socio-economic status.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} Notes1. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20131123193905/http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B] {{Overseas Asians}}{{Immigrant groups in Peru}}2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B|title=The Ranking of Ethnic Chinese Population|publisher=Overseas Community Affairs Council, Republic of China (Taiwan)|accessdate=26 July 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123193905/http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B|archivedate=23 November 2013}} 3. ^{{cite book|publisher=BRILL|year=2010|location=|url=https://books.google.com/?id=xrGShVU6VrgC&pg=PA12&dq=acapulco+slaves++africa+india+malay+japan+timor+ternate+makassar#v=onepage&q=acapulco%20slaves%20%20africa%20india%20malay%20japan%20timor%20ternate%20makassar&f=false|page=12|title=The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean|isbn=9004182136|edition=illustrated|editor=Walton Look Lai|editor2=Chee Beng Tan|accessdate=2 February 2014}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Herrera-Sobek|first=María|title=Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDIwZ8BieWcC&pg=PA59|accessdate=11 July 2017|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-34339-1|page=59}} 5. ^{{cite book|publisher=Königshausen & Neumann|year=1993|location=|url=https://books.google.com/?id=M25cDaIsFNYC&pg=PA100&dq=acapulco+slaves+asian#v=onepage&q=acapulco%20slaves%20asian&f=false|volume=Volume 4 of Studien zur "Neuen Welt"|page=100|title=Slavery in the Americas|isbn=3884797131|edition=illustrated|editor=Wolfgang Binder|accessdate=2 February 2014}} 6. ^{{cite book|publisher=Arnold J Meagher|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/?id=H7dBmBsd-XgC&pg=PA194&dq=slaves+manila+asiatics+acapulco+1635#v=onepage&q=slaves%20manila%20asiatics%20acapulco%201635&f=false|page=194|title=The Coolie Trade: The Traffic in Chinese Laborers to Latin America 1847-1874|isbn=1436309433|edition=|author=Arnold J. Meagher|accessdate=2 February 2014}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Russell|first=James W.|title=Class and Race Formation in North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZgR6ubuUXcC&pg=PA27|accessdate=11 July 2017|year=2009|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9678-4|page=27}} 8. ^{{cite journal|format=PDF|url=http://148.202.18.157/sitios/publicacionesite/pperiod/Lhistoricas/pdfs/vol1/4.pdf|title=El alcalde de los chinos en la provincia de Colima durante el siglo xvii: un sistema de representación en torno a un oficio|trans-title=The mayor of the Chinese in the province of Colima during the seventeenth century: a system of representation around a trade|language=es|journal=Letras Históricas|first=Claudia Paulina|last=Machuca Chávez|date=Autumn–Winter 2009|issue=1|publisher=Ciesas Occidente|pages=95–116|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081131/http://148.202.18.157/sitios/publicacionesite/pperiod/Lhistoricas/pdfs/vol1/4.pdf|archivedate=7 April 2014}} 9. ^{{cite journal|format=PDF|url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/600/60022589001.pdf|title=La Esclavitud Asiática en El Virreinato de La Nueva España, 1565-1673|trans-title=Asian Slavery in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, 1565-1673|language=es|journal=Historia Mexicana|first=Déborah|last=Oropeza Keresey|volume=LXI|date=July{{ndash}}September 2011|issue=1|publisher=El Colegio de México|pages=20–21|issn=0185-0172|accessdate=10 July 2017}} 10. ^{{cite journal|format=PDF|url=http://www.mexicanistas.eu/uploads/Ideas%20centrales%20en%20torno%20a%20la%20esclavitud%20asiatica%20en%20la%20Nueva%20Espana,%20Deborah%20Oropeza.pdf|title=Ideas centrales en torno a la esclavitud asiática en la Nueva España|trans-title=Central ideas around Asian slavery in New Spain|language=es|journal=Historia Mexicana|first=Déborah|last=Oropeza|date=Autumn{{ndash}}Winter 2009|issue=1|publisher=Meeting of Mexicanists 2010 (Asian slavery in the viceroyalty of New Spain, 1565-1673)|page=2|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092442/http://www.mexicanistas.eu/uploads/Ideas%20centrales%20en%20torno%20a%20la%20esclavitud%20asiatica%20en%20la%20Nueva%20Espana%2C%20Deborah%20Oropeza.pdf|archivedate=7 April 2014}} 11. ^{{cite book|last=Slack Jr|first=Edward R.|editor1=Walton Look Lai|editor2=Chee Beng Tan|title=The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrGShVU6VrgC&pg=PA13|accessdate=11 July 2017|year=2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-18213-6|page=13|chapter=Signifying New Spain}} 12. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20130514-422430.html|title=Japanese slaves taken to Mexico in 16th century|newspaper=asiaone news|date=14 May 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407100229/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20130514-422430.html|archivedate=7 April 2014}} 13. ^{{cite news |last= Torres |first= Ida |date= 14 May 2013 |title= Records show Japanese slaves crossed the Pacific to Mexico in 16th century |url= http://japandailypress.com/records-show-japanese-slaves-crossed-the-pacific-to-mexico-in-16th-century-1428777/ |newspaper= Japan Daily Press |location= |publisher= |accessdate= |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160131111645/http://japandailypress.com/records-show-japanese-slaves-crossed-the-pacific-to-mexico-in-16th-century-1428777/ |archive-date= 31 January 2016 |dead-url= yes |df= dmy-all }} 14. ^{{cite book|last=Bethell|first=Leslie|authorlink=Leslie Bethell|editor=Leslie Bethell|title=The Cambridge History of Latin America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhNfVshMw64C&pg=PA21|accessdate=11 July 2017|edition=1997 reprint|volume=II|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24516-6|page=21}} 15. ^{{cite book|last=López-Calvo|first=Ignacio|title=The Affinity of the Eye: Writing Nikkei in Peru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMY4-ffumwUC&pg=PA134|accessdate=11 July 2017|year=2013|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-9987-5|page=134}} 16. ^{{cite book|last=Hoerder|first=Dirk|title=Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PDVdU4YZWgC&pg=PA200|accessdate=11 July 2017|year=2002|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-8407-8|page=200}} 17. ^{{cite book|author=Fernando Iwasaki Cauti|title=Extremo Oriente y el Perú en el siglo XVI|trans-title=The Far East and Peru in the 16th century|language=es|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwCeavlP9QC&pg=PA293|year=2005|publisher=Fondo Editorial PUCP|isbn=978-9972-42-671-1|pages=293–}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.csuchico.edu/ncpaso/filipino.htm|title=Filipino American History|work=Northern California Pilipino American Student Organization|publisher=California State University, Chico|accessdate=4 May 2014|quote=These Filipino pioneers were known as the "manong generation" since most of them came from Ilokos Sur, Iloilo, and Cavite in the Philippines.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012012919/http://www.csuchico.edu/ncpaso/filipino.htm|archivedate=12 October 1999}} 19. ^Irie, Toraji. "History of the Japanese Migration to Peru," Hispanic American Historical Review. 31:3, 437-452 (August–November 1951); 31:4, 648-664 (no. 4). 20. ^{{cite book|last=Higashide|first=Seiichi|title=Adios to Tears: The Memoirs of a Japanese-Peruvian Internee in U.S. Concentration Camps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORE5wfUNdccC&pg=PA218|accessdate=11 July 2017|year=2000|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-97914-4|page=218}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.okf.or.kr/data/status_SA.jsp|script-title=ko:재외동포현황 - 중남미|trans-title=Overseas Koreans - Latin America|language=ko|publisher=Overseas Korean Foundation|year=2005|accessdate=27 September 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212042443/http://www.okf.or.kr/data/status_SA.jsp|archivedate=12 February 2006}} 2 : Asian Peruvian|Ethnic groups in Peru |
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