| 词条 | Astrapotheriidae |
| 释义 |
| name = Astrapotheriidae | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Eocene|Middle Miocene}} | image = Astrapotherium magnum e.jpg | image_caption = Astrapotherium magnum being attacked by Phorusrhacos longissimus | taxon = Astrapotheriidae | authority = {{Harvnb|Ameghino|1887}} | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = See text }} Astrapotheriidae is an extinct family of herbivorous South American land mammals that lived from the Late Eocene (Mustersan SALMA) to the Middle Miocene (Laventan SALMA) {{Mya|Late Eocene|Middle Miocene}}.{{clarify|reason = Dates/sub-epochs given do not correspond with the SALMA dates; Mustersan is actually early-mid Eocene (approx Lutetian); Laventan is roughly equivalent to the Serravallian, not the whole Middle Miocene|date=July 2018}} The most derived of the astrapotherians, they were also the largest and most specialized mammals in the Tertiary of South America. There are two sister taxa: Eoastrapostylopidae and Trigonostylopidae. Around 1900, Argentine paleontologist Florentino Ameghino described eight Colhuehuapian (Early Miocene) species from specimens he found south of Lake Colhué Huapi in Patagonia and grouped them into three genera: Parastrapotherium, Astrapotherium, and Astrapothericulus. It was obvious to Ameghino that these species represented a great diversity, ranging in size from a peccary to a rhinoceros, but his description was based entirely on fragmentary and not always comparable dental remains. Other expeditions to Patagonia have subsequently recovered considerably more complete materials.[1] GeneraAccording to {{Harvnb|Kramarz|Bond|2009}}, Astrapotheriidae includes two clades, Astrapotheriinae and Uruguaytheriinae, and a number of early genera (Astrapotheriidae incertae sedis): Astraponotus (Middle Eocene), Maddenia (Early Oligocene), and Parastrapotherium (Late Oligocene-Early Miocene). Most genera have been found in Patagonia and adjacent areas in Argentina and Chile; whereas members of Uruguaytheriinae have been found further north: Xenastrapotherium (Late Oligocene-Middle Miocene of northern South America), Granastrapotherium (Middle Miocene of Colombia), Uruguaytherium (uncertain age, from Uruguay).[2] According to {{Harvnb|Kramarz|Bond|2009}}, the genus Maddenia is a small, pre-Deseadan form of later astrapotheriids.[3] {{Harvnb|Simpson|1945}} grouped Albertogaudrya together with Astraponotus in the subfamily Albertogaudryinae, synonymous with Albertogaudryidae {{Harvnb|Ameghino|1901}}.[4] {{Harvnb|Bond|Kramarz|Macphee|Reguero|2011}} concluded that a comprehensive evaluation is required regarding astrapotherids.[5]
Notes1. ^{{Harvnb|Kramaz|Bond|2010| loc=Introduction, p. 183}} 2. ^{{Harvnb|Goillota|Antoinea|Tejadab|Pujosc|2011| loc=Introduction}} 3. ^{{Harvnb|Kramarz|Bond|2009| loc=Abstract}} 4. ^{{Harvnb|Simpson|1945| p=130}} 5. ^{{Harvnb|Bond|Kramarz|Macphee|Reguero|2011| loc=Relationships}} 6. ^{{cite journal |author1=M. C. Vallejo-Pareja |author2=J. D. Carrillo |author3=J. W. Moreno-Bernal |author4=M. Pardo-Jaramillo |author5=D. F. Rodriguez-Gonzalez |author6=J. Muñoz-Duran |year=2015 |title=Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=Online edition |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.903960 }} References{{Refbegin|30em}}
| last = Ameghino | first = Florentino | title = Apuntes preliminares sobre algunos mamíferos estinguidos del yacimiento de "Monte Hermoso" existentes en el "Mueso La Plata" | year = 1887 | location = Buenos Aires | oclc = 39794328 | ref = harv}}
| last = Ameghino | first = Florentino | title = Los monos fósiles del Eoceno de la República Argentina | year = 1891 | journal = Revista Argentina de Historia Natural | volume = 1 | issue = 6 | pages = 383–397 | location = Buenos Aires | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf2/001523800084829.pdf | accessdate = March 2013 | ref = harv}}
| last = Ameghino | first = Florentino | title = Première contribution à la connaissance de la faune mammalogique des couches à Pyrotherium | year = 1895 | location = Buenos Aires | publisher = P.E. Coni | ref = harv}}
| last = Ameghino | first = Florentino | title = Mamiferos Cretaceos de la Argentina. Segunda contribucion al conocimiento de la fauna mastologica de las capas con restos de Pyrotherium | year = 1897 | journal = Boletin Instituto Geografico Argentino | volume = 18 | pages = 406–521 | ref = harv}}
| last = Ameghino | first = Florentino | title = Notices préliminaires sur des ongulés des terrains Crétacés de Patagonie | year = 1901 | journal = Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias en Córdoba | volume = 16 | pages = 349–426 | oclc = 123174974 | ref = harv}}
| last1 = Bond | first1 = Mariano | last2 = Kramarz | first2 = Alejandro | last3 = Macphee | first3 = Ross D. E. | last4 = Reguero | first4 = Marcelo | title = A New Astrapothere (Mammalia, Meridiungulata) from La Meseta Formation, Seymour (Marambio) Island, and a Reassessment of Previous Records of Antarctic Astrapotheres | journal = American Museum Novitates |date= June 2011 | volume = 3718 | pages = 1–16 | url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/handle/2246/6118/N3718.pdf | accessdate = March 2013 | doi = 10.1206/3718.2 | oclc = 728156717 | ref = harv}}
| last = Burmeister | first = Hermann | title = Description physique de la République Argentine : d'après des observations personnelles et étrangères | volume = 3 Animaux vertébrés, 1. partie, Mammifères vivants et éteints | year = 1879 | publisher = Savy | location = Paris | page = 520 | oclc = 162707154 | ref = harv}}
|last1=Goillota |first1=Cyrielle |last2=Antoinea |first2=Pierre-Olivier |last3=Tejadab |first3=Julia |last4=Pujosc |first4=François |author5=Gismondid, Rodolfo Salas |year=2011 |journal=Geodiversitas |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=331–345 |title=Middle Miocene Uruguaytheriinae (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) from Peruvian Amazonia and a review of the astrapotheriid fossil record in northern South America |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/front/medias/publication/36315_g2011n2a8.pdf |accessdate=March 2013 |doi=10.5252/g2011n2a8 |ref=harv }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
| last1 = Johnson | first1 = Steven C. | last2 = Madden | first2 = Richard H. | chapter = Uruguaytheriine Astrapotheres of Tropical South America | pages = 355–82 | title = Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics : the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia | editor1-last = Kay | editor1-first = Richard F. | editor2-last = Madden | editor2-first = Richard H. | editor3-last = Cifelli | editor3-first = Richard L. | editor4-last = Flynn | editor4-first = John J. | year = 1997 | publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press | location = Washington | isbn = 9781560984184 | oclc = 30320084 | ref = harv}}
| last = Kraglievich | first = Lucas | title = Sobre el supuesto Astrapotherium Christi Stehlin, descubierto en Venezuela (Xenastrapotherium n. gen.) y sus relaciones con Astrapotherium magnum y Uruguaytherium Beaulieui | year = 1928 | publisher = La Editorial Franco-Argentina | location = Buenos Aires | oclc = 20881142 | ref = harv}}
| last1 = Kramarz | first1 = Alejandro G | last2 = Bond | first2 = Mariano | title = A new oligocene astrapothere (Mammalia , Meridiungulata) from Patagonia and a new appraisal of astrapothere phylogeny | year = 2009 | journal = Journal of Systematic Palaeontology | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 117–128 | doi = 10.1017/S147720190800268X | ref = harv}}
| last1 = Kramarz | first1 = Alejandro | last2 = Bond | first2 = Mariano | title = A new early Miocene astrapotheriid (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) from Northern Patagonia, Argentina | year = 2011 | journal = Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen | volume = 260 | issue = 3 | pages = 277–87 | doi = 10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0132 | oclc = 740850188 | ref = harv}}
| last1 = Kramaz | first1 = Alejandro G. | last2 = Bond | first2 = Mariano | chapter = Colhuehuapian Astrapotheriidae (Mammalia) from Gran Barranca south of Lake Colhue-Huapi | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oY7wkK6lV4cC&pg=PA192 | accessdate = March 2013 | editor1-last = Madden | editor1-first = Richard H. | editor2-last = Carlini | editor2-first = Alfredo A. | editor3-last = Vucetich | editor3-first = Maria Guiomar | title = The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia | year = 2010 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 9780521872416 | ref = harv}}
| last= Simpson | first = George Gaylord | title = The principles of classification and a classification of mammals | series = Bulletin of the AMNH. Vol. 85 | year = 1945 | publisher = American Museum of Natural History | location = New York | url = http://hdl.handle.net/2246/1104 | accessdate = March 2013 | oclc = 341579 | ref = harv}}
| last = Simpson | first = George Gaylord | title = A new Casamayoran astrapothere | year = 1957 | journal = Revista del Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales y Tradicional de Mar del Plata | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 11–18 | oclc = 81633287 | ref = harv}}{{Refend}} External links
|title=Astrapotheriidae |publisher=GBIF Portal |url=http://data.gbif.org/species/4825525 |accessdate=March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064822/http://data.gbif.org/species/4825525 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |df= }} Astrapotheriidae occurrences distribution map
3 : Meridiungulata|Eocene first appearances|Miocene extinctions |
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