“Atheism in the United States”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

According to the Pew Research Center in a 2014 survey, self-identified "atheists" make up 3.1% of the US population, even though 9% of Americans agreed with the statement "Do not believe in God" while 2% agreed with the statement "Do not know if they believe in God".^[4] According to the 2014 General Sociological Survey, the number of atheists and agnostics in the U.S. had remained relatively flat in the previous 23 years. In 1991, only 2% identified as atheist, and 4% identified as agnostic. In 2014, only 3.1% identified as atheists, and 5% identified as agnostics.^[5]

In 2009, Pew stated that only 5% of the US population did not have a belief in a god and out of that small group only 24% self-identified as "atheist", while 15% self-identified as "agnostic" and 35% self-identified as "nothing in particular".^[6] According to the 2008 ARIS, only 2% the US population was atheist, while 10% were agnostics.^[7] A survey using binary wording found that around 26% of Americans don't believe in god, but they were not comfortable with directly admitting it. However, methodological problems have been identified with this particular study since people do not have binary relationships to questions on God and instead have more complex responses to such questions.^[8]

Accurate demographics of atheism are difficult to obtain since conceptions of atheism and self-identification are context dependent by culture.^[9]

Demographics

Age

Education

Gender

Generation

Household income

Immigrant status

Marital status

Metro area

Political affiliation

Parental status

Political ideology

Race

Region

Religion

Sexual orientation

State/federal district

Public officials

United States Representatives

United States Senators

Governors

State legislators

Mayors

City councils

Ambassadors

Political views

A June–September 2014 Pew Research Center survey found that 69% of atheist Americans identity as Democratic or lean Democratic, 17% have no lean, 15% identity as Republican, 56% liberal, 29% moderate, 10% conservative, and 5% don't know. Among Americans who don't believe in god/gods, 65% identity as Democratic or lean Democratic, 17% have no lean, 18% identity as Republican, 50% liberal, 31% moderate, 13% conservative, and 6% don't know. That makes atheist and nonbelievers in god/gods Americans as belief groups to be the most politically liberal belief group in America and the least politically aligned belief group with Republicans and conservatism in the United States.^[4]

A October 2013 Public Religion Research Institute American Values Survey found 58% of American libertarians report they believe in a personal god, 25% believe god is an impersonal force in the universe, and 16% report that they do not believe in a god. It also found 73% of Americans who identify with the Tea Party report they believe in a personal god, 19% believe god is an impersonal force in the universe, and 6% report that they do not believe in a god. It also found 90% of white evangelical Protestants report they believe in a personal god, 8% believe god is an impersonal force in the universe, and less than 1% report that they do not believe in a god.^[20]

List of atheist Americans

Organizations

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/robert-schlesinger/articles/2016-01-05/us-population-in-2016-according-to-census-estimates-322-762-018|title=The Size of the U.S. and the World in 2016|publisher=}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/1690/religion.aspx|title=Religion|first=Gallup,|last=Inc.|publisher=}}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰²¹²²²³²⁴²⁵²⁶²⁷²⁸²⁹³⁰³¹³²³³³⁴³⁵³⁶³⁷³⁸³⁹⁴⁰⁴¹⁴²⁴³⁴⁴⁴⁵⁴⁶⁴⁷⁴⁸⁴⁹⁵⁰⁵¹{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk|title=American FactFinder - Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov}}
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰²¹²²²³²⁴²⁵²⁶²⁷²⁸²⁹³⁰³¹³²³³³⁴³⁵³⁶³⁷³⁸³⁹⁴⁰⁴¹⁴²⁴³⁴⁴⁴⁵⁴⁶⁴⁷⁴⁸⁴⁹⁵⁰⁵¹⁵²⁵³⁵⁴⁵⁵⁵⁶⁵⁷⁵⁸⁵⁹⁶⁰⁶¹⁶²⁶³⁶⁴⁶⁵⁶⁶⁶⁷⁶⁸⁶⁹⁷⁰⁷¹⁷²⁷³⁷⁴⁷⁵⁷⁶⁷⁷⁷⁸⁷⁹⁸⁰⁸¹⁸²⁸³⁸⁴⁸⁵⁸⁶⁸⁷⁸⁸⁸⁹⁹⁰⁹¹⁹²⁹³⁹⁴⁹⁵⁹⁶⁹⁷⁹⁸⁹⁹¹⁰⁰¹⁰¹¹⁰²¹⁰³¹⁰⁴¹⁰⁵¹⁰⁶¹⁰⁷¹⁰⁸¹⁰⁹¹¹⁰¹¹¹¹¹²¹¹³¹¹⁴¹¹⁵¹¹⁶¹¹⁷¹¹⁸¹¹⁹¹²⁰¹²¹¹²²¹²³¹²⁴¹²⁵¹²⁶¹²⁷¹²⁸¹²⁹¹³⁰¹³¹¹³²¹³³¹³⁴¹³⁵¹³⁶¹³⁷¹³⁸¹³⁹¹⁴⁰¹⁴¹¹⁴²¹⁴³¹⁴⁴¹⁴⁵¹⁴⁶¹⁴⁷¹⁴⁸¹⁴⁹¹⁵⁰¹⁵¹¹⁵²¹⁵³¹⁵⁴¹⁵⁵¹⁵⁶¹⁵⁷¹⁵⁸¹⁵⁹¹⁶⁰¹⁶¹¹⁶²¹⁶³¹⁶⁴¹⁶⁵¹⁶⁶¹⁶⁷¹⁶⁸¹⁶⁹¹⁷⁰¹⁷¹¹⁷²¹⁷³¹⁷⁴¹⁷⁵¹⁷⁶¹⁷⁷¹⁷⁸¹⁷⁹¹⁸⁰¹⁸¹¹⁸²¹⁸³¹⁸⁴¹⁸⁵¹⁸⁶¹⁸⁷¹⁸⁸¹⁸⁹¹⁹⁰¹⁹¹¹⁹²¹⁹³¹⁹⁴¹⁹⁵¹⁹⁶¹⁹⁷¹⁹⁸¹⁹⁹"Religious Landscape Study". Pew Research Center. 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
5. ^{{cite web|last1=Hout|first1=Michael|last2=Smith|first2=Tom|title=Fewer Americans Affiliate with Organized Religions, Belief and Practice Unchanged: Key Findings from the 2014 General Social Survey|url=http://www.norc.org/PDFs/GSS%20Reports/GSS_Religion_2014.pdf|website=General Social Survey|publisher=NORC|date=March 2015|quote=The percentage answering 'no religion' was 21 percent in 2014, 20 percent in 2012, just 14 percent as recently as 2000, and only 8 percent in 1990." & "In 2014, 3 percent of Americans did not believe in God and 5 percent expressed an agnostic view; the comparable percentages were 2 percent and 4 percent in 1991. More people believed in a 'higher power' in 2014 (13%) than in 1991 (7%).}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/Not-All-Nonbelievers-Call-Themselves-Atheists.aspx |title=Not All Nonbelievers Call Themselves Atheists | Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=2009-04-02 |accessdate=2014-02-27}}
7. ^{{cite web|last1=Kosmin|first1=Barry|last2=Keysar|first2=Ariela|title=American Nones: The Profile of the No Religion Population|url=https://commons.trincoll.edu/aris/files/2011/08/NONES_08.pdf|publisher=Trinity Colloge|date=2009}}
8. ^{{cite news|last1=Resnick|first1=Brian|title=How many American atheists are there really?|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/4/13/15258496/american-atheists-how-many|accessdate=22 April 2017|work=Vox|agency=Vox Media|publisher=Vox Media|date=13 April 2017}}
9. ^{{cite|last=Zuckerman|first=Phil|title=Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns|work=Cambridge Companion to Atheism|date=2007|doi=10.1017/CCOL0521842700.004|pages=47–66}}
10. ^¹²Stark called himself "a Unitarian who does not believe in a supreme being" and has been identified as an atheist. Rep. Stark applauded for atheist outlook: Believed to be first congressman to declare nontheism, Associated Press, March 13, 2007 (Accessed June 15, 2007)
11. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/11/09/this-lawmaker-is-skeptical-that-god-exists-now-hes-finally-decided-to-tell-people/This|title=lawmaker isn’t sure that God exists. Now, he’s finally decided to tell people. |publisher=}}
12. ^¹²{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/09/barney-frank-pot-smoking-atheist-_n_3732754.html |title=Barney Frank's 'Pot-Smoking Atheist' Revelation Discussed On 'The Rubin Report' |publisher=The Huffington Post |date=2013-08-09 |accessdate=2013-08-09 |location= |first=Curtis |last=Wong}}
13. ^¹{{cite web |url=https://ffrf.org/news/news-releases/item/2665-ffrf-tulsa-nontheists-salute-gore-as-first-atheist-senator |title= FFRF & Tulsa nontheists salute Gore as first atheist senator |date= September 7, 2010}}
14. ^¹²The Hon. Atheist Governor: Culbert L. Olson {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923053909/http://www.atheists.org/Atheism/roots/olson/ |date=2008-09-23 }}
15. ^{{cite web|last=Hammel |first=Paul |title=Ernie Chambers targets 'so help me God' in oaths |url=http://omaha.com/article/20130301/NEWS/703029945/1101 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130904062320/http://omaha.com/article/20130301/NEWS/703029945/1101 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=4 September 2013 |publisher=Omaha World-Herald |accessdate=4 September 2013 }}
16. ^""You can be elected as an openly gay politician in this country, but you can't be elected as an openly atheistic one", said Lori Lipman Brown, who was hired last fall to be the Washington, D.C., lobbyist for an organization devoted to atheist causes, the Secular Coalition for America. She's believed to be the first paid lobbyist for the unbelievers in the nation's capital, the front lines of the culture wars. Now, all Brown is seeking is a constituency willing to go public. "Think of where the LGBT movement was 25 years ago", said Brown, who has worked on gay and lesbian rights issues as a legislator and attorney. "That's where atheists are today." […] Brown, who is married and was raised a "humanistic Jew", talks about how she "came out" as an atheist several years ago, and how most atheists aren't "out yet" at work. She says atheist kids—like many gay children—are made to feel outcasts at school, and explains that she wants to erase the negative connotation to the word "atheist" just as homosexuals have reclaimed slurs like "queer" and "dyke."" Joe Garofoli, 'Atheists hoping to assert rights in religious era', San Francisco Chronicle, February 20, 2006 (accessed June 16, 2008).
17. ^"I'm an atheist, but I don’t believe that science and religion are by definition incompatible." Andrew Zwicker, [https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/25gxxw/i_am_andrew_zwicker_phd_plasma_physicist_science/ Reddit AMA], 13 May 2014 (accessed 9 November 2017).
18. ^¹{{cite web |title=Jesse Ventura |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/667/000022601/ |publisher=NNDB.com |accessdate=25 April 2012 |quote=Formerly a Lutheran, Ventura generally considers himself an atheist.}}
19. ^voterocky.org
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prri.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2013.AVS_WEB-1.pdf|title=In Search of Libertarians in America|publisher=}}