| 词条 | Airco DH.2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Airco DH.2 was a single-seat biplane "pusher" aircraft which operated as a fighter during the First World War. It was the second pusher design by Geoffrey de Havilland for Airco, based on his earlier DH.1 two-seater. The DH.2 was the first effectively armed British single-seat fighter and enabled Royal Flying Corps (RFC) pilots to counter the "Fokker Scourge" that had given the Germans the advantage in the air in late 1915. Until the British developed a synchronisation gear to match the German system, pushers such as the DH.2 and the F.E.2b carried the burden of fighting and escort duties. Design and developmentEarly air combat over the Western Front indicated the need for a single-seat fighter with forward-firing armament. As no means of firing forward through the propeller of a tractor aeroplane was available to the British, Geoffrey de Havilland designed the DH.2 as a smaller, single-seat development of the earlier two-seat DH.1 pusher design. The DH.2 first flew in July 1915.[1] The DH.2 was armed with a single .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis gun which was originally able to be positioned on one of three flexible mountings in the cockpit, with the pilot transferring the gun between mountings in flight at the same time as flying the aircraft. Once pilots learned that the best method of achieving a kill was to aim the aircraft rather than the gun, the machine gun was fixed in the forward-facing centre mount, although this was initially banned by higher authorities until a clip which fixed the gun in place, but could be released if required, was approved.[2] A clip was devised by Major Lanoe Hawker, who also improved the gunsights and added a ring sight and an "aiming off model" that helped the gunner allow for leading a target.[3] The majority of DH.2s were fitted with the 100 hp (75 kW) Gnôme Monosoupape rotary engine, but later models received the 110 hp (82 kW) Le Rhône 9J.[4] Other sources advise the Gnôme Monosoupape, nine-cylinder, air-cooled rotary, {{convert|100|hp|kW|abbr=on}} engine was retained in the DH. 2 design despite its tendency for shedding cylinders in midair; one DH.2 was fitted experimentally with a {{convert|110|hp|kW|abbr=on}} le Rhône 9J.[5] A total of 453 DH.2s were produced by Airco.[6] Operational serviceAfter evaluation at Hendon on 22 June 1915, the first DH.2 arrived in France for operational trials with No. 5 RFC Squadron but was shot down and its pilot killed (although the DH.2 was recovered and repaired by the Germans).[6] No. 24 Squadron RFC, the first squadron equipped with the DH.2 and the first complete squadron entirely equipped with single-seat fighters in the RFC, arrived in France in February 1916.[7] The DH.2 ultimately equipped seven fighter squadrons on the Western Front[9] and quickly proved more than a match for the Fokker Eindecker. DH.2s were also heavily engaged during the Battle of the Somme, No. 24 Squadron alone engaging in 774 combats and destroying 44 enemy machines.[7] The DH.2 had sensitive controls and at a time when service training for pilots in the RFC was very poor it initially had a high accident rate, gaining the nickname "The Spinning Incinerator",[8][9] but as familiarity with the type increased, it was recognised as very manoeverable and relatively easy to fly.[10] The rear-mounted rotary engine made the DH.2 easy to stall, but also made it highly maneuverable.[3] The arrival at the front of more powerful German tractor biplane fighters such as the Halberstadt D.II and the Albatros D.I, which appeared in September 1916, meant that the DH.2 was outclassed in turn. It remained in first line service in France, however, until No. 24 and No. 32 Squadron RFC completed re-equipment with Airco DH.5s in June 1917, and a few remained in service on the Macedonian front, "A" Flight of No. 47 Squadron and a joint R.F.C. / R.N.A.S. fighter squadron [11] and X" Flight [11] in Palestine until late autumn of that year. By this time the type was totally obsolete as a fighter, although it was used as an advanced trainer into 1918. DH.2s were progressively retired and at war's end no surviving airframes were retained. ReproductionsNo original DH.2s are known to exist. In 1970, Walter M. Redfern from Seattle, Washington built a replica DH.2 called the Redfern DH-2, powered by a Kinner 125-150 hp engine. Redfern subsequently sold plans to home builders, and a number of these replicas are still flying worldwide.[12] Redfern's original replica is now on display at the Omaka Aviation Heritage Centre in Blenheim, New Zealand. DH.2 AcesDistinguished pilots of the DH.2 included Victoria Cross winner Lanoe Hawker (seven victories, though none in the DH.2), who was the first commander of No. 24 Squadron and Alan Wilkinson. The commander of No. 32 Squadron, Lionel Rees won the Victoria Cross flying the D.H.2 for single-handedly attacking a formation of ten German two-seaters on 1 July 1916, destroying two.[13] James McCudden became an ace in DH.2s to start his career as the British Empire's fourth-ranking ace of the war.[14] German ace and tactician Oswald Boelcke was killed during a dogfight with No. 24 Squadron DH.2s due to a collision with one of his own wingmen, Erwin Böhme. Fourteen aces scored five or more aerial victories using the DH.2; many went on to further success in later types also. Lanoe George Hawker V.C., D.S.O., commanding officer of No. 24 Squadron flying a DH. 2 was shot down by Manfred von Richthofen of Jasta 2 flying an Albatros D.II.
Operators
Specifications (DH.2){{Aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |ref=Warplanes of the First World War - Fighters Volume One[15] |crew=one |capacity= |payload main= |payload alt= |length main= 25 ft 2½ in |length alt=7.69 m |span main=28 ft 3 in |span alt=8.61 m |span sweep= |height main=9 ft 6½ in |height alt=2.91 m |area main= 249 ft² |area alt= 23.13 m² |airfoil= |empty weight main= 942 lb |empty weight alt= 428 kg |loaded weight main= |loaded weight alt= |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main=1,441 lb |max takeoff weight alt= 654 kg |more general= |afterburning thrust alt= |engine (prop)=Gnôme Monosoupape |type of prop=rotary engine |number of props=1 |power main= 100 hp |power alt=75 kW |power original= |max speed main=93 mph |max speed alt= 150 km/h |max speed more= at sea level |cruise speed main= |cruise speed alt= |stall speed main= |stall speed alt= |never exceed speed main= |never exceed speed alt= |range main= 250 mi |range alt=400 km |ceiling main= 14,000 ft |ceiling alt= 4,265 m |climb rate main= 545 ft/min |climb rate alt= 166 m/min |loading main= 5.79 lb/ft² |loading alt= 28.3 kg/m² |thrust/weight= |power/mass main= 0.069 hp/lb |power/mass alt= 110 W/kg |more performance=*Endurance 2¾ hours
|armament=1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis gun using 47-round drum magazines |avionics= }} See also{{Aircontent|related=
|similar aircraft=
}} ReferencesNotes1. ^Mason 1992, p. 42. Bibliography{{refbegin}}2. ^Goulding 1986, p. 11. 3. ^1 Guttman 2009, p. 31 4. ^Sharpe 2000, p. 20. 5. ^Munson 1968, p. 99. 6. ^1 Airco DH-2 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212124216/http://www.classicfighters.co.nz/ac/dh2/index.shtml |date=12 February 2008 }} 7. ^1 Mason 1992, p. 41. 8. ^Raleigh 1922, pp. 427–428. 9. ^Funderburk, p. 83 10. ^Cheesman 1960, p. 40. 11. ^1 Munson, p. 99 12. ^"Redfern DH-2." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107140157/http://www.aircraftworlddirectory.com/civil/r/redferndh2.htm |date=7 January 2009 }} aircraftworlddirectory.com. Retrieved: 10 January 2010. 13. ^1 Jackson 1987, p. 48. 14. ^1 Guttman 2009, p. 91. 15. ^Bruce 1965, p. 128.
External links{{Commons category|Airco DH.2}}
7 : Airco aircraft|British fighter aircraft 1910–1919|Single-engined pusher aircraft|Biplanes|Rotary-engined aircraft|Military aircraft of World War I|Aircraft first flown in 1915 |
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