“Australian region tropical cyclone”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

An Australian region tropical cyclone is a non-frontal, low pressure system that has developed, within an environment of warm sea surface temperatures and little vertical wind shear aloft in either the Southern Indian Ocean or the South Pacific Ocean.^[1] Within the Southern Hemisphere there are officially three areas where tropical cyclones develop on a regular basis, these areas are the South-West Indian Ocean between Africa and 90°E, the Australian region between 90°E and 160°E and the South Pacific basin between 160°E and 120°W. The Australian region between 90°E and 160°E is officially monitored by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, the Papua New Guinea National Weather Service and the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics, while others like the Fiji Meteorological Service and the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration also monitor the basin. Each tropical cyclone year within this basin starts on 1 July and runs throughout the year, encompassing the tropical cyclone season which runs from 1 November and lasts until 30 April each season. Within the basin, most tropical cyclones have their origins within the South Pacific Convergence Zone or within the Northern Australian monsoon trough, both of which form an extensive area of cloudiness and are dominant features of the season. Within this region a tropical disturbance is classified as a tropical cyclone, when it has 10-minute sustained wind speeds of more than 65 km/h (35 mph), that wrap halfway around the low level circulation centre, while a severe tropical cyclone is classified when the maximum 10-minute sustained wind speeds are greater than 120 km/h (75 mph).

Basin history

There is a history of tropical cyclones affecting northeastern Australia for over 5000 years; however, Clement Lindley Wragge was the first person to monitor and name them.^[2]

In the early history of tropical cyclones in the Australian region, the only evidence of a storm was based on ship reports and observations from land. Later, satellite imagery began in the basin in the 1959/60 season, although it was not continuous until 1970. In Western Australia in particular, the lack of population centers, shipping lanes, radars, and offshore stations meant that storms were tracked infrequently. After the onset of satellite imagery, the Dvorak technique was used to estimate storm's intensities and locations.^[3]

Background

The Australian region is currently defined as being between 90E and 160E and is monitored by five different warning centres during the season that runs from 1 November to 30 April. Three of the warning centres are.

Seasons

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

Notes

1. ^{{cite report|author=RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |type=Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2014 |date=5 May 2015 |pages=2B–1–2B–4 (23–26) |format=PDF |url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP24_RAVOpPlan_2014_final.pdf |accessdate=6 May 2015 |title=List of Tropical Cyclone Names withdrawn from use due to a Cyclone's Negative Impact on one or more countries |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YlsJ3Q48?url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP24_RAVOpPlan_2014_final.pdf |archivedate=24 May 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
2. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003002009 | title=Palaeotempestology: the study of prehistoric tropical cyclones—a review and implications for hazard assessment | first=Jonathon | last=Nott | publisher=Science Direct | date=14 November 2003 | accessdate=14 September 2015 }}
3. ^{{cite conference|title=The Impact of Tropical Cyclone Olivia on Australia's Northwest Shelf|conference=Offshore Technology Conference|author=S.J. Buchan|author2=P.G. Black|author3=R.L. Cohen|year=1999|accessdate=14 January 2016|url=http://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/2010/olivia.pdf|format=PDF}}
4. ^http://www.typhoon2000.ph/garyp_mgtcs/dec01.txt
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³{{cite web|accessdate=19 February 2012|author=Padgett, Gary|year=1997–2011|url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/tropical_cyclone_summaries_track_data.htm|archivedate=2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/archives.htm#gp|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summaries}}
6. ^¹{{cite web|title=Record-breaking La Niña events – Tropical cyclone activity during 2010–11 and 2011–12|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/history/La-Nina-2010-12.pdf|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|accessdate=22 July 2012|author=National Climate Centre|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69KxxrsvB?url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/history/La-Nina-2010-12.pdf|archivedate=22 July 2012|page=17|date=3 July 2012}}
7. ^{{cite web|author=Nathan Paull and Miranda Forster|work=Australian Associated Press|publisher=News Limited|date=29 January 2013|accessdate=29 January 2013|title=Floods recede as states count cost|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/floods-and-fires-on-a-long-hard-weekend/story-fncynjr2-1226563815135}}
8. ^{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Raquel|author=Queensland Regional Office|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|date=September 2015|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/sevwx/qld/qldtc20150630.shtml|accessdate=15 September 2015}}