| 词条 | Awadhi cuisine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Early historyThe bawarchis (chefs) and rakabdars (gourmet cooks) of Awadh invented the dum style of cooking or the art of cooking over a slow fire, which has become synonymous with Lucknow today.[3] Their spreads consisted of elaborate dishes such as kebabs, kormas, biryanis, kaliyas, nahari-kulchas, zarda, sheermal, rumali rotis, and warqi parathas. The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like mutton, paneer, and rich spices, which include cardamom and saffron. {{multiple image| footer = | align = right | image1 = Galouti Kabab from Tunday Kababi Lucknow 2009-01-06.jpg | width1 = {{#expr: (100 * 800 / 763) round 0}} | alt1 = | caption1 = Galouti Kabab | image2 = Shamikebab.jpg | width2 = {{#expr: (100 * 2048 / 1536) round 0}} | alt2 = | caption2 = Shami Kebab }} Kebabs are the integral part of Awadhi. Lucknow is proud of its Kebabs. There are several varieties of popular kebabs in Awadhi cuisine viz. Kakori Kebabs, Galawat ke Kebabs, Shami Kebabs, Boti Kebabs, Patili-ke-Kebabs, Ghutwa Kebabs and Seekh Kebabs are among the known varieties.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} The kebabs of Awadhi cuisine are distinct from the kebabs of Punjab insofar as Awadhi kebabs are grilled on a chula and sometimes in a skillet as opposed to grilled in a tandoor in Punjab. Awadhi kebabs are also called "chula" kebabs whereas the kebabs of Punjab are called "tandoori" kebabs. List of popular KebabsThe Seekh Kebab has long been considered a piece de resistance in the Awadhi dastarkhwan. Introduced by the Mughals it was originally prepared from beef mince on skewers and cooked on charcoal fire. Now lamb mince is preferred for its soft texture. The 100-year-old Tunde ke Kabab in Chowk is the most famous outlet for Kababs even today.[4] Tunde kabab is so named because it was the speciality of a one-armed chef. The tunde kabab claims to be unique because of the zealously guarded family secret recipe for the masala (homemade spices), prepared by women in the family. It is said to incorporate 160 spices. Kakori kabab is considered blessed since it was originally made in the place by the same name in the dargah of Shah Abi Ahder Sahib with divine blessings.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} The meat used is from the tendon of the leg of mutton, combined with khoya and spices. Shami Kebab is made from mincemeat, usually with chopped onion, coriander, and green chillies added. The kebabs are round patties filled with spicy mix and tangy raw green mango. The best time to have them is in May, when mangoes are young. When mangoes are not in season, kamrakh or karonda may be substituted for kairi, as both have a tart flavour reminiscent of raw mango. A variant made without any admixture or binding agents and comprising just the minced meat and the spices is the Galawat kabab. An unusual offering is the Pasanda Kebab, piccata of lamb marinated and then sautéed on a griddle. Boti kebab is lamb marinated in yoghurt and cooked on skewers in a tandoor oven. Vegetarian kebabs include Dalcha Kebab, Kathal ke Kebab, Arbi ke Kebab, Rajma Galoti Kebab (kidney bean kebab cooked with aromatic herbs), Zamikand ke Kebab (Lucknowi yam kebabs), etc. Here is the List of some popular Kebabs[5]
Curry preparations{{multiple image| footer = | align = right | image1 = Navratan Korma.jpg | width1 = {{#expr: (100 * 800 / 672) round 0}} | alt1 = | caption1 = Navratan Korma | image2 = Chicken Curry.JPG | width2 = {{#expr: (100 * 2816/ 2112) round 0}} | alt2 = | caption2 = Shahi Korma }}Korma is actually the Indian name for the technique of braising meat. It originated in the lavish Moghul cuisine wherein lamb or chicken was braised in velvety, spiced sauces, enriched with ground nuts, cream and butter. While kormas are rich, they are also mild, containing little or no cayenne or chillies.[6] There are both vegetarian (navratan korma) and non-vegetarian (chicken, lamb, beef and fish korma) varieties of korma. Murgh Awadhi Korma is a classic from Lucknow.[7] Rice preparationsPullao is made by cooking meat in ghee with warm aromatic spices and then layered with meat curry or marinade (depending on the type of biryani), then sealed and cooked over low heat until done. The vegetarian version is called tehri. {{Clear}}Bread preparations{{multiple image}} As wheat is the staple food of the state, breads are very significant. Breads are generally flat breads baked in a pan; only a few varieties are raised breads. Improvisations of the roti (or bread) are of different types and made in various ways and include the rumaali roti, tandoori roti, naan (baked in a tandoor), kulcha, lachha paratha, sheermaal and baqarkhani. Breads made of other grains have descriptive names only, thus we have Makai ki roti, Jowar ki roti (barley flour roti), Bajre ki roti (bajra is a grain only grown in India), chawal-ki-Roti (roti of rice flour).
DessertsWinters are dedicated to halwas of all kinds that came to stay in India. There are several varieties of these, prepared from different cereals, such as gram flour, sooji, wheat, nuts and eggs. The special halwa or halwa sohan, has four varieties: Papadi, Jauzi, Habshi and Dudhiya. Chaat{{multiple image| footer = | align = right | image1 = Awadhi chaat corner.jpg | width1 = {{#expr: (100 * 976 / 729) round 0}} | alt1 = | caption1 = A chaat corner | image2 = Awadhi chaat 2b.jpg | width2 = {{#expr: (100 * 640 / 480) round 0}} | alt2 = | caption2 = A chaat dish }}{{multiple image | footer = | align = right | image1 = Awadhi chaat.jpg | width1 = {{#expr: (100 * 640 / 480) round 0}} | alt1 = | caption1 = Paani kay batashey | image2 = Aloo Tikki served with chutneys.jpg | width2 = {{#expr: (100 * 1600 / 1200) round 0}} | alt2 = | caption2 = Aloo Tikki served with chutneys }} Chaat and Samosa originated in Uttar Pradesh but now are popular nationwide and abroad. these are the integral part of street foods across India. The chaat variants are all based on fried dough, with various other ingredients. The original chaat is a mixture of potato pieces, gram or chickpeas and tangy-salty spices, with sour home-made Indian chilli and Saunth (dried ginger and tamarind sauce), fresh green coriander leaves and yogurt for garnish, but other popular variants included Aloo tikkis (garnished with onion, coriander, hot spices and a dash of curd), dahi puri, golgappa, dahi vada and papri chaat.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} There are common elements among these variants including dahi, or yogurt; chopped onions and coriander; sev (small dried yellow salty noodles); and chaat masala, a spice mix typically consisting of amchoor (dried mango powder), cumin, Kala Namak (rock salt), coriander, dried ginger, salt, black pepper, and red pepper. The ingredients are combined and served on a small metal plate or a banana leaf, dried and formed into a bowl. GalleryAwadhi dishesRecipesFollowing is list of few Awadhi recipes:
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/heaven-on-your-plate-4624078/|title=Heaven On Your Plate: From kebabs to biryani, food is serious business in Lucknow}} 2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&pg=PA10 |title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions|accessdate=6 March 2015}} 3. ^The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum – Lead Article. The Tribune. (13 July 2003). Retrieved 2012-08-06. 4. ^The Week. Week.manoramaonline.com. Retrieved 2012-08-06. 5. ^Yatra of Royal & Modern Cuisines of Awadh 6. ^Jennifer Brennan, Curries and Bugles: A Memoir and a Cookbook of the British Raj, Tuttle, 2000, {{ISBN|9625938184}} 7. ^Tastes of royalty. The Hindu. (19 July 2008). Retrieved 2012-08-06. 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.yummefy.com/galouti-kebab-recipe.html|title=Awadhi Cuisine: Galouti Kebab Recipe|last=|first=|date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} External links{{Commons category|Awadhi cuisine}}
7 : Indian cuisine by city|North Indian cuisine|Mughlai cuisine|Desi cuisine|Uttar Pradeshi cuisine|Awadhi cuisine|Muhajir cuisine |
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