词条 | Awithlaknakwe |
释义 |
Awithlaknakwe (or Stone Warriors, or Game of the Stone Warriors[1]) is a strategy board game from the Zuni Native American Indians of the American Southwest. The board comprises 168 squares with diagonal grids. Two or four may play, with players identified as North, West, South, and East. The game was described by Stewart Culin in his book Games of the North American Indians (1907). EquipmentThe gameboard is a 12×12 square grid with six extra squares centered on each of the four sides, totaling 168 squares. Diagonal lines run through each square (the diagonal lines are called trails; the orthogonal lines are called canyons). Each player has six warriors, and a seventh piece not yet {{boardgloss|in play}} named Priest of the Bow. The historical board was cut into stone slabs, and pieces were small discs of pottery with tops either plain or having a hole in their centers to differentiate ownership. The Priest of the Bow was distinguished from friendly pieces by being somewhat larger.{{efn|name=Culin_disks|"The disks are in two sets, 12 plain and 12 perforated [...] In addition, there are two pieces, one plain and one perforated, somewhat larger than the others." Cat. no. 16550, 17861, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.[2]}} Game rulesEach player starts the game with six warriors on their six nearest squares (the player's home rank). The goal is to bring one's pieces to the opponent's home rank, while capturing as many enemy pieces as possible. The winning condition for this ancient game is not completely defined (see #Incomplete rules).
Two playersPlayers sit at opposite sides of the board; North plays against South.[4] Four playersNorth and West are partners against South and East. Each team owns one Priest of the Bow (not two). Incomplete rulesThe rules described by F. H. Cushing and reported by Culin, and subsequently by Bell and Murray, lack specificity on some points:
See also
Notes{{notelist|notes=}}References1. ^Bell (1979), p. 49. Bibliography2. ^1 Culin (1907), p. 799. 3. ^Parlett (1999), p. 239. "[...] Priest of the Bow, which is entered in its owner's home row [...]". 4. ^Murray (1978), p. 64. 5. ^Parlett (1999), pp. 239–40. "Presumably, [...] the game is won on the number of captures made rather than by being the first to cross over".
|last=Bell |first=R. C. |authorlink=Robert Charles Bell |title=Board and Table Games From Many Civilizations |edition=Revised |volume=I |publisher=Dover Publications Inc |year=1979 |origyear=First pub. 1960, Oxford University Press, London |pages=48–49 |isbn=0-671-06030-9}}
|last=Culin |first=Stewart |authorlink=Stewart Culin |title=Games of the North American Indians |edition=rpt. Mineola, NY : Dover, 1975 |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1907 |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-486-23125-9}}
|last=Murray |first=H. J. R. |authorlink=H. J. R. Murray |title=A History of Board-Games other than Chess |edition=Reissued |publisher=Hacker Art Books, Inc |year=1978 |isbn=0-87817-211-4}}
|last=Parlett |first=David |authorlink=David Parlett |title=The Oxford History of Board Games |publisher=Oxford University Press Inc |year=1999 |isbn=0-19-212998-8}} External links
2 : Abstract strategy games|Zuni culture |
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