“Axel Meyer”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Axel Meyer (born August 4, 1960) is an evolutionary biologist and a professor of zoology and evolutionary biology at the Universität Konstanz, Germany.

Meyer is best known for his work on the evolution and adaptive radiation of African cichlid fishes,^[1]^[2] fish-specific genome duplications,^[3]^[4] molecular phylogenetics of vertebrates,^[5]^[6] and the role of ecological and sexual selection in speciation.^[7]^[8]

Education and previous employment

Meyer attended the gymnasium (high school) Katharineum in Lübeck. He was an undergraduate at the Universität Marburg (1979–1982), and completed his undergraduate thesis at the Universität Kiel and the University of Miami, Florida (1982). He received both his master's and PhD from the Department of Zoology at the University of California Berkeley in 1984 and 1988 respectively. He spent one year as a visiting student in Harvard University's Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (1986–1987).

Meyer was an Alfred P. Sloan Postdoctoral Fellow in Molecular Evolution at University of California Berkeley with Allan C. Wilson, before joining the faculty in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook as an assistant professor. In 1993 he received tenure and was promoted to associate professor. Meyer joined the Universität Konstanz Department of Biology as a full professor in 1997.^[9]

Communication of science

Meyer is active in the communication of science to the public. He has written more than 45 articles for major German newspapers including Die Zeit and the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.^[10] In addition, he contributed a weekly column, Quantensprung, on matters related to science and evolution to the Handelsblatt from 2005–2010.^[11] The first 100 articles of Quantensprung were published in 2008 in the book [https://www.amazon.de/dp/3205777719 Evolution ist überall].

Awards and recognition

Meyer is an elected member of the Academy of Europe, the Academia Europaea , German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina,^[12] the http://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Meyer_AxelEuropean Academy of Sciences and Arts,^[13] the European Molecular Biology Organization,^[14] and the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften.^[15]

He has received numerous awards including the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723062308/http://www.leopoldina.org/de/akademie/preise-und-auszeichnungen/carus-medaille.html Carus Medal] from the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (2009),^[16] the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110709082520/http://www.embo.org/policy-and-society/science-society/life-sciences-communication-award.html EMBO Award for Communication in Life Science] (2008),^[17] the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship (1996),^[18]^[19] the Young Investigator Prize from the American Society of Naturalists(1990).,^[20] and Hector Science Award 2012.^[21] Most recently (2017) he was awarded a Radcliffe Fellowship at Harvard University's Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/axel-meyer. His scientific work is widely cited by his peers^[22]^[23]^[9] and has been covered by national and international press and media.^[24]

Controversies

Scientific misconduct

In 2003, an investigation was launched by the University of Konstanz after 16 former students and postdocs filed a complaint against Meyer.^[25] In 2004, a commission found Axel Meyer guilty of scientific misconduct including: “‘damaging the scientific interests’ of lab members by, for example, placing ‘misleading job advertisements’ and ‘blocking the publication of a lab member's paper for more than 2 years.’"^[26] The mental breakdown of a foreign student was also noted as an indicator of the negative atmosphere and pressure imposed by Meyer.^[25] According to Science, the internal commission reported that “Meyer claimed ownership of other people's intellectual property by ‘demanding to be co-author on every paper from his group’ even when he hadn't contributed.”^[26] The complainants noted at the time that they were met by institutional resistance from the University of Konstanz and any consequences imposed by the University were never reported.^[27]

Laziness and dishonesty of students

In 2015, Axel Meyer wrote an article for FAZ (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) describing German university students as lazy and dishonest.^[28] Despite a long history of publicly funded post secondary education in Germany, Meyer argued that the tuition-free education system made todays students spoiled and entitled compared to those in the United States^[28] – though the US faces increasingly high rates of student debt.^[29]

Meyer was compelled to write the piece after his office had been broken into two days before an exam. Upon finding markings around the lock to his office at the University of Konstanz he notified the police who informed him that occasionally students attempt to break into offices to steal exams.^[28] Though the police also reported that several offices had been compromised for the purpose of stealing cash and no evidence suggested the culprit was a student.^[30] Regardless, Meyer contemplates in his article: "Would students break into the office of a professor to steal the exam topic?" And then goes on to say: "At least I would not be surprised if that were the case." One of his most inflammatory statements colorfully illustrates his view of students: “In jeder Hinsicht wird ihnen der Hintern gepudert und mit viel Fürsorge und Verständnis jede Faulheit und Inkompetenz vergeben“ — which translates to “In every way are their butts carefully powdered and laziness and incompetence is forgiven with care and understanding.”^[28]

The rector of the University of Konstanz, Ulrich Rüdiger, apologized personally and described several passages in Meyer's article as "defamatory and insulting,” suggesting possible consequences for Meyer^[31] though no official consequences were reported.

In a circular letter of the Rector of the University professors, the rector testified that Meyer had publicly spread several "false factual claims about the conditions at the University of Konstanz.” Meyer apologized for his choice of words but not for his message. Students countered that Meyer himself was not giving his lectures, but rather divvying them up among his PhD students and postdoctoral researchers.^[30]

References

1. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v347/n6293/abs/347550a0.html|doi=10.1038/347550a0|pmid=2215680|title=Monophyletic origin of Lake Victoria cichlid fishes suggested by mitochondrial DNA sequences|journal=Nature|volume=347|issue=6293|pages=550–553|date=October 1990|last1=Wilson|first1=Allan C.|last2=Basasibwaki|first2=Pereti|last3=Kocher|first3=Thomas D.|last4=Meyer|first4=Axel}}
2. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5617/325.abstract|doi=10.1126/science.1080699|pmid=12649486|title=Origin of the Superflock of Cichlid Fishes from Lake Victoria, East Africa|journal=Science|volume=300|issue=5617|pages=325–329|date=2003-04-11|last1=Meyer|first1=Axel|last2=Snoeks|first2=Jos|last3=Salzburger|first3=Walter|last4=Verheyen|first4=Erik|citeseerx=10.1.1.584.2497}}
3. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRW-3YF9J0S-C&_user=483702&_coverDate=12%2F01%2F1999&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1645603714&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000022720&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=483702&md5=e0ee15b8d5a494d6d0b9d2d5f36a25fa&searchtype=a|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911185952/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRW-3YF9J0S-C&_user=483702&_coverDate=12/01/1999&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1645603714&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000022720&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=483702&md5=e0ee15b8d5a494d6d0b9d2d5f36a25fa&searchtype=a|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2012-09-11|doi=10.1016/S0955-0674(99)00039-3|pmid=10600714|title=Gene and genome duplications in vertebrates: The one-to-four (-to-eight in fish) rule and the evolution of novel gene functions|journal=Current Opinion in Cell Biology|volume=11|issue=6|pages=699–704|year=1999|last1=Meyer|first1=A.|last2=Schartl|first2=M.}}
4. ^{{cite journal|url=http://genome.cshlp.org/content/13/3/382.full|doi=10.1101/gr.640303|pmid=12618368|pmc=430266|title=Genome Duplication, a Trait Shared by 22,000 Species of Ray-Finned Fish|journal=Genome Research|volume=13|issue=3|pages=382–390|date=March 2003|last1=Peer|first1=Yves Van de|last2=Meyer|first2=Axel|last3=Frickey|first3=Tancred|last4=Braasch|first4=Ingo|last5=Taylor|first5=John S.}}
5. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/u0036302005x1160/|doi=10.1007/BF02106050|title=Origin of tetrapods inferred from their mitochondrial DNA affiliation to lungfish|journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution|volume=31|issue=5|pages=359–364|date=November 1990|last1=Wilson|first1=Allan C.|last2=Meyer|first2=Axel}}
6. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/95/24/14226|title=Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles|first1=Rafael|last1=Zardoya|first2=Axel|last2=Meyer|date=24 November 1998|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=95|issue=24|pages=14226–14231|via=www.pnas.org|doi=10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226|pmid=9826682|pmc=24355}}
7. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v368/n6471/abs/368539a0.html|doi=10.1038/368539a0|pmid=8139686|title=Recurrent origin of a sexually selected trait in Xiphophorus fishes inferred from a molecular phylogeny|journal=Nature|volume=368|issue=6471|pages=539–542|date=April 1994|last1=Schartl|first1=Manfred|last2=Morrissey|first2=Jean M.|last3=Meyer|first3=Axel}}
8. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v439/n7077/abs/nature04325.html|doi=10.1038/nature04325|pmid=16467837|title=Sympatric speciation in Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish|journal=Nature|volume=439|issue=7077|pages=719–723|date=February 2006|last1=Meyer|first1=Axel|last2=Muschick|first2=Moritz|last3=Salzburger|first3=Walter|last4=Stölting|first4=Kai N.|last5=Barluenga|first5=Marta}}
9. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.evolutionsbiologie-uni-konstanz.com/prof-dr-axel-meyer.html|title=Prof. Dr. Axel Meyer|website=Evolutionsbiologie Uni Konstanz}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.evolutionsbiologie-uni-konstanz.com/popular-press.html|title=Popular Press|website=Evolutionsbiologie Uni Konstanz}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.evolutionsbiologie-uni-konstanz.com/quantensprung-column.html|title=Quantensprung Column|website=Evolutionsbiologie Uni Konstanz}}
12. ^German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. Newly elected members 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723061857/http://www.leopoldina.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Akademie/Organisation/Neugewaehlte_Mitglieder_2009.pdf |date=July 23, 2011 }}.
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.euro-acad.eu/members|title=Members – EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS (EASA)|website=www.euro-acad.eu}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.embo.org/embo-members.html|title=Members|last=Katja|publisher=}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbaw.de/die-akademie/mitglieder|title=Aktuelle Mitglieder — Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften|last=jofi|website=www.bbaw.de}}
16. ^Germany Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, list of Carus Medal recipients {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723062308/http://www.leopoldina.org/de/akademie/preise-und-auszeichnungen/carus-medaille.html |date=July 23, 2011 }}
17. ^"Prominent German biologist wins EMBO communication award. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722091616/http://www.embo.org/documents/press08/communications_award08.pdf |date=July 22, 2011 }}" European Molecular Biology Organization, press release.
18. ^List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1996
19. ^John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, recipient Axel Meyer {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628185337/http://www.gf.org/fellows/results?query=Axel+Meyer&lower_bound=1925&upper_bound=2011&competition=ALL&fellowship_category=ALL&x=11&y=5 |date=June 28, 2011 }}
20. ^American Society of Naturalists, Young Investigator Prize, list of recipients {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717135344/http://www.amnat.org/awa.html |date=July 17, 2011 }}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hector-fellow-academy.de/en/hector-fellow-academy/hector-fellows/hector-fellow-portraits/2012/prof-dr-meyer/index.htm |title=Startseite: Hector Fellow Academy |accessdate=2015-01-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214163337/http://www.hector-fellow-academy.de/en/hector-fellow-academy/hector-fellows/hector-fellow-portraits/2012/prof-dr-meyer/index.htm |archivedate=2015-02-14 |df= }}
22. ^Winkler, L. 2010. Laborjournal. List of most highly cited German Evolutionary Biologist 2004–2007.
23. ^Publication Analysis 1996–2006: Evolutionary Biology. Labtimes Online.
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.evolutionsbiologie-uni-konstanz.com/press-coverage.html|title=Press coverage|website=Evolutionsbiologie Uni Konstanz}}
25. ^¹{{Cite journal|last=Abbott|first=Alison|date=2004-07-01|title=Junior biologists score partial victory over lab conditions|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/430007a|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=430|issue=6995|pages=7|doi=10.1038/430007a|pmid=15229572|issn=0028-0836}}
26. ^¹{{Cite journal|last=Science|first=American Association for the Advancement of|date=2004-07-02|title=ScienceScope|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/305/5680/s-scope|journal=Science|language=en|volume=305|issue=5680|pages=27|issn=0036-8075|pmid=15232079|doi=10.1126/science.305.5680.27a}}
27. ^{{Cite journal|date=September 2004|title=Meyer case poses a challenge to the system|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/431505b|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=431|issue=7008|pages=505|doi=10.1038/431505b|pmid=15457230|issn=0028-0836|last1=Málaga-Trillo|first1=E.|last2=Gerlach|first2=G.}}
28. ^¹²³{{Cite news|url=http://www.faz.net/1.3539958|title=Arbeitsmoral an Hochschulen: Ehre und Ehrlichkeit der Studenten|last=Meyer|first=Axel|work=FAZ.NET|access-date=2018-07-31|language=de|issn=0174-4909}}
29. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/18/student-loan-interest-rates-edge-higher-and-higher.html|title=Loans get even more expensive, tightening the chokehold on students|last=Dickler|first=Jessica|date=2017-07-18|work=CNBC|access-date=2018-07-31}}
30. ^¹{{Cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article141161232/Faule-Studenten-Professor-entschuldigt-sich.html|title=Uni Konstanz: Axel Meyer entschuldigt sich für Kritik|last=Maisch|first=Andreas|date=2015-05-19|work=DIE WELT|access-date=2018-07-31}}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.aktuelles.uni-konstanz.de/content/stellungnahme/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112173047/https://www.aktuelles.uni-konstanz.de/content/stellungnahme/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2016-11-12|title=Stellungnahme {{!}} Universität Konstanz|date=2016-11-12|access-date=2018-07-31}}