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词条 Ayanna Pressley
释义

  1. Early life and education

  2. Earlier political career

  3. Boston City Council

  4. U.S. House of Representatives

      Tenure    Committee assignments    Caucus memberships  

  5. Political positions

  6. Honors and awards

  7. Personal life

  8. Electoral history

      Boston City Council election results  

  9. See also

  10. References

  11. Further reading

  12. External links

{{short description|American politician}}{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2018}}{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Ayanna Pressley
|image = Ayanna Pressley Portrait.jpg
|state = Massachusetts
|district = {{ushr|MA|7|7th}}
|term_start = January 3, 2019
|term_end =
|predecessor = Mike Capuano
|successor =
|office1 = Member of the Boston City Council
At-Large
|term_start1 = January 4, 2010
|term_end1 = January 3, 2019
|predecessor1 = Sam Yoon
Michael F. Flaherty
|successor1 = Althea Garrison
|birth_name = Ayanna Soyini Pressley
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|2|3}}
|birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = Democratic
|spouse = Conan Harris
|children = 1
|education = Boston University
|website = {{url|pressley.house.gov|House website}}
}}

Ayanna Soyini Pressley[1] (born February 3, 1974) is an American politician who is the member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 7th congressional district. The district, which was once represented by John F. Kennedy and Tip O'Neill, includes the northern three-fourths of Boston, most of Cambridge, and all of Chelsea and Somerville. She is a Democrat.

She defeated ten-term incumbent Mike Capuano in the primary election and ran unopposed in the November 2018 general election. Pressley served as an at-large member of the Boston City Council. Pressley was the first black woman elected to the Boston City Council, and the first black woman elected to Congress from Massachusetts.[2][3]

Early life and education

Pressley was born in Cincinnati, Ohio [4] but raised in Chicago, Illinois, the only child of mother Sandra Pressley (née Echols),[5] who worked multiple jobs to support the family and also worked as a community organizer for the Chicago Urban League advocating for tenant's rights,[6] and father Martin Pressley, who struggled with addiction and incarceration throughout Pressley's childhood,[7] but eventually became a college professor.[8] The marriage ended in divorce.[5]

Pressley grew up on the north side of Chicago[8] and attended the Francis W. Parker School.[9] While at the prestigious private school, she was a cheerleader, did modeling and voice-over work, appeared in Planned Parenthood bus advertisements, and was a competitive debater. During her senior year of high school she was voted the "most likely to be mayor of Chicago" and was the commencement speaker for her class.[12]

Her mother later moved to Brooklyn, where she worked as an executive assistant, and later remarried.[5] When Pressley was elected to the Boston City Council, her mother would often attend the public meetings, wearing a hat that said "Mama Pressley."[5]

From 1992 to 1994, Pressley attended the College of General Studies at Boston University, but left school to take a full-time job at the Boston Marriott Copley Place to support her mother, who had lost her job. She took further courses at Boston University Metropolitan College, also known as MET.[6] [10]

Earlier political career

After leaving Boston University, Pressley worked as a district representative for United States Representative Joseph P. Kennedy II, for whom she had interned during college.[6] The work included assisting constituents with Social Security claims and working with senior citizens and veterans and people with disabilities. Pressley became Kennedy's scheduler, then worked as constituency director, before becoming the political director and senior aide for Senator Kerry.[8]

During 2009, Pressley served as United States Senator John Kerry's (D-Mass.) political director, responsible for managing his relationships with elected officials at the city, state and federal level and with various community leaders.

Boston City Council

Pressley was first elected to the Boston City Council in November 2009. Upon being sworn in on January 4, 2010, she was the first woman of color to serve in the 100-year history of the Boston City Council.[2][11] The only woman in a field of 15 candidates, Pressley earned one of four at-large spots on the city's 13-member council with nearly 42,000 votes.[2]

In her first year as a City Councilor, Pressley formed the Committee on Healthy Women, Families, and Communities, which addresses issues such as domestic violence, child abuse, and human trafficking. She worked collaboratively with community members to develop a comprehensive sexual education and health curriculum and update the expectant and parenting student policy. Both were successfully implemented into Boston Public Schools.[12]

In the council election of November 2011, Pressley faced a competitive re-election, and finished first among at-large candidates with 37,000 votes. She won 13 of the city's 22 wards and finished second in three others. Pressley won Boston's communities of color and many progressive neighborhoods. In all, Pressley placed first in more than half of Boston's 22 wards.[13] Pressley topped the ticket again in November 2013 and November 2015, and placed second in November 2017.[14][15][16]

U.S. House of Representatives

{{Main|United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, 2018#District_7}}

In January 2018, Pressley announced her challenge to incumbent United States Representative Michael Capuano in the 2018 Democratic primary nomination for the Massachusetts's 7th congressional district.[17] No Republican even filed, meaning that whoever won the primary would be all but assured of victory in November.

The 7th district is traditionally Democratic and is the state's only district where the majority of residents are not white. Capuano received endorsements from civil rights veteran and U.S. Representative John Lewis of Georgia as well as U.S. Representative Maxine Waters of California.[18]

Pressley was endorsed by The Boston Globe[19] and locals of the hotel workers and the electrical worker unions,[20] Grassroots movements including Democracy for America, Brand New Congress and the Justice Democrats supported Pressley.[21] She received the endorsements of former Massachusetts Democratic Party chair John E. Walsh,[22] Massachusetts Attorney General Maura Healey,[7] former Newton mayor Setti Warren[23] and Boston city councilor Michelle Wu.[24] The nomination win in New York's 14th congressional district of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez over long-time representative Joseph Crowley increased the visibility of Pressley's campaign.[25][26] While some political commentators distinguished Pressley's campaign from that of Ocasio-Cortez in that Capuano was understood to have one of the most progressive records in Congress, the incumbents both represented districts in which the majority of voters are not white.[27]

Like Capuano, Pressley campaigned as a staunch progressive; indeed, she admitted that her voting record would likely be almost identical to that of Capuano. However, Pressley contended that a reliably liberal voting record was not enough to meet the needs of a district whose demographics and character had changed over the years. She also claimed that the district needed to be represented by someone who would take a more aggressive role in opposing the presidency of Donald Trump. She campaigned with the slogan "change can't wait", and promised that she would bring "activist leadership."[28]

In the September 4, 2018, Democratic primary election, Pressley defeated Capuano by a margin of 59% to 41%.[29] The primary victory was a surprise,[30] as the last poll before the election showed Capuano with a significant lead, 48% to 35%.[31] Part of the reason the polls may have been inaccurate was a surge in the number of primary voters. 24% of District 7 voters in the 2018 primary had not voted in the five previous primaries, and that percentage was disproportionately of Hispanic and Asian ethnicities.[32] The 7th district is so heavily Democratic that Pressley had effectively assured herself of a seat in Congress with her primary win; any Republican challenger would have faced nearly impossible odds in any event. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of D+34, the 7th is by far the most Democratic district in New England. Indeed, the Republicans last put up a challenger in this district in 1998, when it was numbered as the 8th District. The GOP has only nominated a candidate in this district five times since longtime Speaker Tip O'Neill retired in 1986. Thus, Pressley took the 7th district seat unopposed.[33]

Tenure

Pressley is the first African-American woman elected to represent Massachusetts in Congress.[34] With the November election victory of Jahana Hayes in Connecticut's 5th congressional district,[35] they are the first women of color to be elected to Congress from New England.[36][37]

Committee assignments

  • Committee on Financial Services
    • Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Financial Institutions
    • Subcommittee on Diversity and Inclusion
  • Committee on Oversight and Reform
    • Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy
    • Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties

Caucus memberships

  • Congressional Black Caucus[38]
  • Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues
  • Congressional Progressive Caucus[39]

Political positions

  • President Trump: During her victory speech following the September primary election, Pressley called out President Donald Trump, claiming he is "a racist, misogynistic, truly empathy-bankrupt man."[40] She aspires to impeach the President.[41] Pressley supports the "take a knee" practice, frequently condemned by Trump, that has been used to bring attention to police brutality toward black men.[42]
  • Health care: Pressley supports Medicare-for-All.[43]
  • Immigration: In June 2018, Pressley called for the defunding of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), saying the law enforcement agency poses an "existential threat" to immigrant communities.[44]
  • Sexual violence: As a survivor of sexual violence herself, Pressley states that she would make ending sexual violence a major priority of her work in Congress. Speaking in an article that appeared in The Nation she said, "I have dedicated my life to combating trauma in all forms—domestic, sexual, gun violence—and so the opportunity to potentially be in Congress at a moment of elevated consciousness to codify activism in policy change is certainly an exciting prospect."[45]
  • On March 5, 2019, Pressley proposed to lower the voting age from 18 years old to 16 in an amendment she introduced in Congress. This was her first amendment on the House floor, and was intended to amend the For the People Act of 2019. She said during her speech, "Young people are the forefront at some of our most existential crises. The time has come. Our young people deserve to have the opportunity to exercise their right to vote."[46] Her amendment was defeated 305-126-2, with a slight majority of the Democrats and 1 Republican voting in favor.

Honors and awards

  • 2012: Aspen-Rodel Fellow in Public Leadership, Class of 2012
  • 2012: Truman National Security Project Partner
  • 2014: Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce, 10 Outstanding Young Leaders
  • 2014: Victim Rights Law Center, Leadership Award
  • 2015: Boston magazine, 50 Most Powerful People
  • 2015: EMILY's List, Gabrielle Giffords Rising Star Award[47][48]
  • 2016: The New York Times, 14 Young Democrats to Watch
  • 2018: Boston magazine, 100 Most Influential People in Boston, #20[49]

Personal life

Pressley lives in Dorchester with her husband, Conan Harris,[50] and her stepdaughter.[2] Pressley does not drive an automobile and has never learned how to drive.[51]

Pressley has been public about being a child survivor of sexual abuse.[52]{{failed verification|date=March 2019}} She was also sexually assaulted while a student at Boston University.[53]

Electoral history

Boston City Council election results

2009 candidatesPreliminary election[54]General election[55]
Votes%Votes%
John R. Connolly35,18218.08%51,36218.35%
Stephen J. Murphy30,36515.61%51,00818.22%
Felix G. Arroyo25,85913.29%45,14416.13%
Ayanna Pressley16,8668.67%41,87914.96%
Tito Jackson12,5356.44%30,20310.79%
Andrew Kenneally12,6536.50%24,2498.66%
Tomás González10,1225.20%18,3106.54%
Doug Bennett10,5295.41%16,8426.02%
Ego Ezedi9,2604.76%
Hiep Quoc Nguyen7,6913.95%
Sean H. Ryan6,6653.43%
Jean-Claude Sanon5,3862.77%
Robert Fortes5,0712.61%
Bill Trabucco3,1321.61%
Scotland Willis2,6391.36%
2011 candidatesGeneral election[56]
Votes%
Ayanna Pressley37,53221.42%
Felix G. Arroyo35,48320.25%
John R. Connolly32,82718.74%
Stephen J. Murphy26,73015.26%
Michael F. Flaherty25,80514.73%
Will Dorcena8,7394.99%
Sean H. Ryan7,3764.21%
2013 candidatesPreliminary election[57]General election[58]
Votes%Votes%
Ayanna Pressley42,91516.71%60,79918.30%
Michelle Wu29,38411.44%59,74117.98%
Michael F. Flaherty39,90415.54%55,10416.59%
Stephen J. Murphy31,72812.35%44,99313.54%
Annissa Essaibi George12,2444.77%30,5389.19%
Jeffrey Michael Ross13,9395.43%28,8798.69%
Martin J. Keogh15,7436.13%26,5007.98%
Jack F. Kelly III11,9094.64%23,9677.22%
Catherine M. O'Neill10,9524.26% 
Althea Garrison10,2684.00% 
Ramon Soto99283.87% 
Philip Arthur Frattaroli58322.27% 
Gareth R. Saunders53632.09% 
Christopher J. Conroy34331.34% 
Seamus M. Whelan31181.21% 
Francisco L. White27451.07% 
Douglas D. Wohn23820.93% 
Frank John Addivinola Jr.22400.87% 
Keith B. Kenyon19500.76% 
Jamarhl Crawford21{{dagger}}0.01% 
all others8320.32%16580.50%
2015 candidatesGeneral election[59]
Votes%
Ayanna Pressley31,78324.21%
Michelle Wu28,90822.02%
Michael F. Flaherty26,47320.16%
Annissa Essaibi George23,44717.86%
Stephen J. Murphy19,54614.89%
Jovan J. Lacet95{{dagger}}0.07%
Charles Yancey39{{dagger}}0.03%
Jean-Claude Sanon25{{dagger}}0.02%
Andrea Joy Campbell13{{dagger}}0.01%
all others9590.73%
2017 candidatesGeneral election[60]
Votes%
Michelle Wu65,04024.47%
Ayanna Pressley57,52021.64%
Michael F. Flaherty51,67319.44%
Annissa Essaibi George45,56417.14%
Althea Garrison18,2536.87%
Domingos Darosa11,6474.38%
William A. King87733.30%
Pat Payaso61242.30%
all others12300.46%
{{dagger}} write-in votes

See also

  • List of African-American United States Representatives
  • Women in the United States House of Representatives

References

1. ^Nik DeCosta-Klipa, [https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2018/11/21/ayanna-pressley-photos-first-week-washington-dc Here's what Ayanna Pressley's first week in Washington looked like] Boston.com
2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=City Council: Ayanna Pressley, At-Large|url=https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/ayanna-pressley|website=City of Boston|accessdate=July 6, 2018}}
3. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2018/11/06/ayanna-pressley-is-officially-massachusetts-first-black-congresswoman |title=Ayanna Pressley is officially Massachusetts' first black congresswoman |first=William J. |last=Kole |agency=AP |website=Boston.com |date=November 6, 2018 |accessdate=November 6, 2018}}
4. ^ "Meet Ayana Pressley, Serving the 7th District of Massachusetts." [https://pressley.house.gov/about]
5. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|last1=Willis|first1=Laurie D.|title=Sandra Pressley, 63; was mother of city councilor|url=http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/obituaries/articles/2011/07/14/sandra_pressley_63_was_mother_of_city_councilor/?page=full|work=The Boston Globe|date=July 14, 2011}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Ayanna Pressley, CGS, will be the first African-American woman ever and the first black candidate in nearly 20 years to serve as a citywide councilor in Boston|url=http://www.bu.edu/cgs/2009/11/04/ayanna-pressley-cgs-ready-to-make-history-is-a-candidate-at-large-for-boston-city-council/|work=Boston University College of General Studies|date=November 4, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628210457/http://www.bu.edu/cgs/2009/11/04/ayanna-pressley-cgs-ready-to-make-history-is-a-candidate-at-large-for-boston-city-council/|archivedate=June 28, 2011}}
7. ^1 {{cite news |last=Ebbert |first=Stephanie |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/09/05/the-candidate-known-the-amazing-ayanna-pressley/dWw2BGdosGrkb81KD8s5aM/story.html |title=Ayanna Pressley is hailed as a sign of the times |work=The Boston Globe |date=September 6, 2018 |accessdate=September 6, 2018 }}
8. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Buccini|first1=Cynthia K.|title=Door to Door, Block by Block|url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2009/door-to-door-block-by-block/|work=BU Today|publisher=Boston University|date=August 26, 2009|language=en}}
9. ^Katharine Q. Seelye, Astead W. Herndon: [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/01/us/politics/ayanna-pressley-massachusetts.html Ayanna Pressley Seeks Her Political Moment in a Changing Boston.] In: The New York Times, September 1, 2018.
10. ^1 {{cite news |last=Levenson |first=Michael |last2=Ebbert |first2=Stephanie |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/09/08/the-life-and-rise-ayanna-pressley/pqdppGFPoZPSEwo3Ko23BJ/story.html |title=The life and rise of Ayanna Pressley |work=The Boston Globe |date=September 8, 2018 |accessdate=September 11, 2018 }}
11. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2010/01/04/menino-sworn-in |title=In Inaugural Address, Menino Vows Fresh Look At Old Problems |date=January 4, 2010 |accessdate=January 11, 2019 |publisher=WBUR News}}
12. ^{{cite web|author=Ally Boguhn|url=https://rewire.news/article/2018/08/31/activism-is-no-longer-an-option-could-ayanna-pressley-be-the-next-progressive-upset/ |title='Activism Is No Longer an Option': Could Ayanna Pressley Be the Next Progressive Upset? |publisher=ReWire |date=August 31, 2018 |accessdate=January 14, 2019}}
13. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2011/11/10/hard-work-pays-off-for-pressley-city-council-election/dyPNS3Qf1LqrGsxS32eIuK/story.html | title = Hard work pays off for Pressley in City Council election | accessdate = May 29, 2013 | publisher = The Boston Globe}}
14. ^{{cite web |title=City Councilor At Large (Ward and Precinct) |url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/2013%20-%2011-05-13%20-%20City%20Councillor%20at%20Large%20Ward%20%26%20Precinct%20Results_tcm3-41961.pdf |website=State and City election results {{!}} Boston.gov |publisher=City of Boston |date=November 5, 2013}}
15. ^{{cite web|author=/00:00Playing Live |url=http://www.wbur.org/2013/11/06/women-top-boston-at-large-city-councilor-race |title=Women Top Boston At-Large City Councilor Race | WBUR News |publisher=Wbur.org |date=November 6, 2013 |accessdate=September 5, 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/elections/2017/boston/city-council?p1=BG_election_nav_council|title=Boston election results 2017 - Boston city council results - The Boston Globe|first=The Boston|last=Globe|publisher=}}
17. ^{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=Joshua|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/01/30/ayanna-pressley-challenge-michael-capuano-primary-for-congress/BxOGmFtBk9uOLFbQO2d9YI/story.html|title=Ayanna Pressley to challenge Michael Capuano in primary for Congress|work=The Boston Globe|date=January 30, 2018}}
18. ^{{cite news|last1=Herndon|first1=Astead W.|title=John Lewis and Other Black Leaders Spurn Black Challenger in Boston|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/19/us/politics/john-lewis-elections-black-caucus.html|work=The New York Times|date=May 19, 2018|language=en}}
19. ^{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/editorials/2018/08/25/endorsement-democrats-should-choose-ayanna-pressley-for-seventh-district/E5YhYoFCXesjJU2ThByDaK/story.html |title=Endorsement: Democrats should choose Ayanna Pressley for the Seventh District |publisher=The Boston Globe |date= |accessdate=September 5, 2018}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eastietimes.com/2018/04/21/political-endorsements/ |title=Political Endorsements | East Boston Times-Free Press |publisher=Eastietimes.com |date=April 21, 2018 |accessdate=September 5, 2018}}
21. ^{{cite web|last=Heuser |first=Stephen |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/02/11/democratic-primaries-2018-progressives-402096 |title=Progressives storm Democratic primaries |publisher=Politico |date=February 11, 2018 |accessdate=September 5, 2018}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bostonherald.com/news/local_coverage/2018/05/ex_mass_democratic_party_chairman_john_walsh_endorses_ayanna_pressley |title=Ex-Mass. Democratic Party chairman John Walsh endorses Ayanna Pressley for Congress |publisher=Boston Herald |date=May 26, 2018 |accessdate=September 5, 2018}}
23. ^{{cite web|last=McDonald |first=Danny |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/02/15/setti-warren-endorses-ayanna-pressley-for-congress/o9Pb2IEUlIPuVGRxMjDW2K/story.html |title=Setti Warren endorses Ayanna Pressley for Congress |publisher=The Boston Globe |date=February 16, 2018 |accessdate=September 5, 2018}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://thebostonsun.com/2018/07/13/ayanna-pressley-for-congress-holds-endorsement-event-with-boston-city-councilor-michelle-wu/ |title=Ayanna Pressley for Congress Holds Endorsement Event with Boston City Councilor Michelle Wu |publisher=The Boston Sun |date=July 13, 2018 |accessdate=September 5, 2018}}
25. ^{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Vanessa|title=After Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's upset in N.Y., can Ayanna Pressley pull off a repeat in Massachusetts?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/06/28/after-alexandria-ocasio-cortezs-upset-in-n-y-can-ayanna-pressley-pull-off-a-repeat-in-massachusetts/|work=The Washington Post|date=June 28, 2018 |language=en}}
26. ^{{cite news|last1=Seelye|first1=Katharine Q.|last2=Herndon|first2=Astead W.|title=Will a Shocker in New York Have a Ripple Effect in Massachusetts?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/28/us/politics/ocasio-cortez-massachusetts-pressley.html|work=The New York Times|date=June 28, 2018|language=en}}
27. ^{{cite news|last1=Fang|first1=Lee|title=One of the Strongest Progressives in Congress is Facing a Primary Challenger Invoking Identity and Change. Will She Unseat Him?|url=https://theintercept.com/2018/08/18/mike-capuano-ayanna-pressley-massachusetts-primary/|work=The Intercept|date=August 18, 2018 |language=en}}
28. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/04/us/politics/ayanna-pressley-massachusetts.html|title=Ayanna Pressley Upsets Capuano in Massachusetts House Race|author1=Katharine Q. Seelye|publisher=The New York Times|date=September 3, 2018}}
29. ^{{cite web |title=Capuano concedes to Pressley in congressional race - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2018/09/04/capuano-pressley-count-experience-support-win-primary/BexLGYivjWMnwv4jaYTC1N/story.html |website=BostonGlobe.com |accessdate=September 5, 2018}}
30. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2018/09/04/capuano-pressley-count-experience-support-win-primary/BexLGYivjWMnwv4jaYTC1N/story.html |title='Are you ready to bring change to Washington?' Pressley stuns Capuano on historic night |date= September 4, 2018 |author=Michael Levenson |publisher=The Boston Globe}}
31. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.wbur.org/news/2018/08/02/wbur-poll-capuano-pressley-7th-district |title=WBUR Poll: Capuano Maintains 13-Point Lead Over Pressley |date=August 2, 2018 |author=Fred Thys |publisher=WBUR}}
32. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2019/01/04/ayanna-pressley-first-time-voter-file-analysis |title=24 Percent Of 7th District Primary Voters Had Not Voted In Previous 5 Primaries |author=Maeve Duggan |date=4 Jan 2019}}
33. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/11/06/us/elections/results-massachusetts-elections.html |title=Massachusetts Election Results |website=The New York Times |date=November 6, 2018 |accessdate=November 6, 2018}}
34. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2018/11/07/ayanna-pressley-officially-massachusetts-black-congresswoman/3RK8xb1hdv7MMoYalZFfMI/story.html |title=Ayanna Pressley officially Massachusetts' 1st black congresswoman |first=William K. |last=Cole |agency=AP |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url-access=limited |date=November 7, 2018 |accessdate=November 7, 2018 |quote=Republican Senator Edward Brooke of Massachusetts, who took office in 1967, was the first black politician to be elected by popular vote after the 17th Amendment was ratified in 1913.}}
35. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.courant.com/politics/elections/hc-election-connecticut-fifth-district-jahana-hayes-20181102-story.html |title=Jahana Hayes Wins, Becomes 1st Black Woman From Connecticut In Congress |first1=Daniela |last1=Altimari |first2=Rebecca |last2=Lurye |newspaper=Hartford Courant |date=November 6, 2018 |accessdate=November 7, 2018}}
36. ^{{cite web |last1=Balingit |first1=Moriah |title=She was a teen mother who became teacher of the year. Now, Jahana Hayes wants to become Connecticut's first black Democratic member of Congress |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2018/08/15/she-was-a-teen-mother-who-became-teacher-of-the-year-now-jahana-hayes-wants-to-become-connecticuts-first-black-member-of-congress/ |website=The Washington Post |accessdate=September 5, 2018}}
37. ^{{cite web |title=Women of Color in Congress |url=http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/WIC/Historical-Data/Women-of-Color-in-Congress/ |website=History, Art, & Archives |publisher=United States House of Representatives |accessdate=September 5, 2018}}
38. ^{{Cite web|url=https://cbc.house.gov/membership/|title=Congressional Black Caucus|website=cbc.house.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-02-07}}
39. ^{{Cite web|url=https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/caucus-members/|title=Congressional Progressive Caucus : Caucus Members|website=cpc-grijalva.house.gov|access-date=2019-02-07}}
40. ^{{cite news |last=Tempera |first=Jacqueline |url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2018/09/in_historic_upset_boston_city.html |title=Historic upset as Boston City Councilor Ayanna Pressley unseats Rep. Mike Capuano in Massachusetts' 7th Congressional District |work=Mass Live |date=September 5, 2018 |accessdate=September 6, 2018 }}
41. ^{{cite web | last=Markos | first=Mary | title=Ayanna Pressley puts Donald Trump impeachment on to-do list | website=Boston Herald | date=September 7, 2018 | url=http://www.bostonherald.com/news/us_politics/2018/09/ayanna_pressley_puts_donald_trump_impeachment_on_to_do_list | access-date=September 8, 2018}}
42. ^{{cite web |last1=Bradner |first1=Eric |title=Democrats measure their desire for change in JFK's old district |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/31/politics/massachusetts-house-primary-ayanna-pressley-mike-capuano/index.html |website=CNN |accessdate=September 9, 2018}}
43. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/05/meet-ayanna-pressley-massachusetts-first-black-congresswoman.html|title=Meet Ayanna Pressley, the Democrat who could become Massachusetts' first black Congresswoman|last=Hess|first=Abigail|date=September 5, 2018|work=CNBC|access-date=October 30, 2018}}
44. ^{{cite news |last=Levenson |first=Michael |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/06/25/ayanna-pressley-endorses-defunding-ice/xMosceaeZ5PYhEi4xqWnMI/story.html |title=Ayanna Pressley endorses defunding ICE |work=The Boston Globe |date=June 25, 2018 |accessdate=September 5, 2018 }}
45. ^{{cite web |last1=Way |first1=Katie |title=What Happens When Political Candidates Say #MeToo |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/happens-political-candidates-say-metoo/ |website=The Nation |accessdate=September 6, 2018}}
46. ^{{cite news |last=Ruiz-Grossman |first=Sarah |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ayanna-pressley-lower-voting-age_n_5c8014b0e4b020b54d8194fd |title=Rep. Ayanna Pressley Wants To Lower The Voting Age To 16 |work=HuffPost |date=2019-03-06 |accessdate=2019-03-06 }}
47. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/19/ayanna-pressley-emilys-list_n_6713746.html | work=Huffington Post | title=EMILY's List To Present 'Rising Star' Award To Boston City Councilwoman Ayanna Pressley | date=February 19, 2015}}
48. ^{{cite news |last1=Bernstein |first1=David S. |title=Why Can't EMILY's List Get Millennial Women To Vote? Plus: Ayanna Pressley Walks On Water |url=http://wgbhnews.org/post/why-cant-emilys-list-get-millennial-women-vote-plus-ayanna-pressley-walks-water |work=WGBH News |date=March 6, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308031934/http://wgbhnews.org/post/why-cant-emilys-list-get-millennial-women-vote-plus-ayanna-pressley-walks-water |archivedate=March 8, 2015}}
49. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2018/04/24/most-influential-people-boston/|title=The 100 Most Influential People in Boston|work=Boston Magazine |date=April 24, 2018 |accessdate=June 22, 2018 }}
50. ^{{cite news|last1=Irons|first1=Meghan E.|title=Her husband works for Walsh. Her political ally is challenging him. What's a city councilor to do?|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/02/06/her-husband-works-for-walsh-her-political-ally-challenging-him-what-city-councilor/l9qutFZeoWVIp1o9oDxh9N/story.html|work=The Boston Globe|date=February 6, 2017}}
51. ^{{cite news |last=Globe |first=Staff |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/01/31/things-about-ayanna-pressley/hJo1s12ZPJFJezn6GO7K3J/story.html |title=7 things about Ayanna Pressley |work=The Boston Globe |date=January 31, 2018 |accessdate=September 6, 2018 }}
52. ^{{cite news|last1=Toness|first1=Bianca Vázquez|title=Pressley Is A Compelling, But Vulnerable Councilor|url=http://www.wbur.org/news/2011/02/15/pressley-profile|work=WBUR-FM|date=February 15, 2011|language=en}}
53. ^{{cite news|title=TheGrio's 100: Ayanna Pressley, first black woman elected to Boston City Council overcomes life full of obstacles|url=https://thegrio.com/2012/01/30/2012-ayanna-pressley/|work=The Grio|date=January 30, 2012}}
54. ^{{cite web|title=Preliminary Municipal Election - City Councillor At Large|url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/TridionImages/2009%20-%2009-22-09%20-%20City%20Councillor%20at%20Large%20Ward%20%26%20Precinct%20Results_tcm1-4542.pdf|website=City of Boston.gov|publisher=City of Boston|accessdate=June 6, 2011}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=Municipal Election - City Councillor At Large|url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/TridionImages/2009%20-%2011-03-09%20-%20City%20Councillor%20at%20Large%20Ward%20%26%20Precinct%20Results_tcm1-4753.pdf|website=City of Boston.gov|publisher=City of Boston|accessdate=June 6, 2011}}
56. ^{{cite web|title=Municipal Election - City Councillor At Large|url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/Images_Documents/2011%20-%2011-08-11%20-%20City%20Councillor%20at%20Large%20Results_tcm3-29360.pdf|website=City of Boston.gov|publisher=City of Boston|accessdate=November 10, 2012}}
57. ^{{cite web |title=CITY OF BOSTON PRELIMINARY MUNICIPAL ELECTION - SEPTEMBER 24, 2013 CITY COUNCILLOR AT LARGE |url=https://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/2013%20-%2009-24-13%20-%20City%20Councillor%20at%20Large%20Ward%20&%20Precinct%20Results_tcm3-40793.pdf |website=cityofboston.gov |accessdate=February 16, 2018}}
58. ^{{cite web |title=CITY OF BOSTONMUNICIPAL ELECTION - NOVEMBER 5, 2013 CITY COUNCILLOR AT LARGE |url=https://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/2013%20-%2011-05-13%20-%20City%20Councillor%20at%20Large%20Ward%20&%20Precinct%20Results_tcm3-41961.pdf |website=cityofboston.gov |accessdate=February 16, 2018}}
59. ^{{cite web |title=CITY OF BOSTON MUNICIPAL ELECTION - NOVEMBER 3, 2015 CITY COUNCILLOR AT LARGE |url=https://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/Nov%203%202015%20City%20Councillor%20at%20Large%20Ward%20%20Precinct%20Results_tcm3-52572.pdf |website=cityofboston.gov |accessdate=February 17, 2018}}
60. ^{{cite web |title=CITY OF BOSTON MUNICIPAL ELECTION - NOVEMBER 7, 2017 CITY COUNCILLOR AT LARGE |url=https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/2017_-_11-07-17_-_city_councillor_at_large_ward_precinct_results.pdf |website=cityofboston.gov |accessdate=February 18, 2018}}

Further reading

  • {{cite news |url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2013/07/30/candidate-chat-ayanna-pressley/ |title=City Council Candidate Chat: Ayanna Pressley |first=David S. |last=Bernstein |website=Boston |date=July 30, 2013 }}
  • {{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2018/12/06/ayanna-pressley-boston-city-council-farewell |title=Ayanna Pressley bids City Council farewell in impassioned speech |first=Christopher |last=Gavin |website=Boston.com |date=December 6, 2018 |accessdate=December 6, 2018}}

External links

{{Commons category|Ayanna Pressley}}
  • [https://pressley.house.gov/ Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley] official U.S. House site
  • [https://ayannapressley.com/ Ayanna Pressley for Congress]
{{CongLinks|votesmart=122700|congbio=P000617| fec=H8MA07032 | congress=ayanna-pressley/P000617}}
  • {{Twitter}}
  • [https://www.boston.gov/departments/city-council/ayanna-pressley Ayanna Pressley] at City of Boston
{{s-start}}{{s-par|us-hs}}{{s-bef|before=Mike Capuano}}{{s-ttl|title=Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Massachusetts's 7th congressional district|years=2019–present}}{{s-inc}}
|-{{s-prec|usa}}{{s-bef|before=Katie Porter}}{{s-ttl|title=United States Representatives by seniority|years=403rd}}{{s-aft|after=Guy Reschenthaler}}{{s-end}}{{MA-FedRep}}{{USHouseCurrent}}{{MARepresentatives}}{{USCongRep-start|congresses= 116th United States Congress |state=Massachusetts}}{{USCongRep/MA/116}}{{USCongRep-end}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Pressley, Ayanna}}

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