| 词条 | Gul Hassan Khan |
| 释义 |
| name =Gul Hassan Khan | image =Lieutenant-General Gul Hassan Khan of Pakistan Army..jpg | caption =As a Major-General | birth_date =1921 | death_date ={{Death date and age|1999|10|10|1921|}} | birth_place =Quetta, Balochistan, British India {{small|(Present-day Pakistan)}} | death_place = | placeofburial =Pabbi, Nowshera District, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan | placeofburial_label = | placeofburial_coordinates = | nickname = | birth_name =Gul Hassan Khan | allegiance ={{PAK}} | branch ={{army|PAK}} | serviceyears =1933–1972 | rank = Lieutenant-General {{small|(Stripped from rank)}} | servicenumber =PA-457 | unit =Armoured Corps | commands =Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Army Chief of General Staff (CGS) 1 Armoured Division Directorate for Military Operations | battles =Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 | battles_label = | awards =Star of Pakistan (Withdrawn) | relations = | laterwork =Author | signature = }} Gul Hassan Khan ({{lang-ur|گل حسن خان}}) (1921; b. 1921—10 October 1999[1]), was a former lieutenant-general and the last Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army, serving under President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from 20 December 1971 until 3 March 1972. He was court-martialed{{cn|date=February 2018}} in light of the Hamoodur Rahman Commission and tried by the Judge Advocate General who withdraw his military honors, relieved him of his command and denied him his pension. He was succeeded by Tikka Khan who was promoted as four-star rank and designated as the Chief of Army Staff. BiographyEarly life and military careerGul Hassan Khan was born in Quetta, Balochistan, British India into a middle class Pashtun family in 1921.[1][2][3] In 1939, he was admitted and joined the Royal Indian Military College in Dehradun and moved to the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun to graduate from there in 1942. He was an excellent Hockey player and gained fame as boxer at the Military Academy.[4] He was commissioned as 2nd Lieutenant in Frontier Force Regiment (FF Regiment) and posted in Army GHQ in New Delhi.{{rp|488}}[4] He was later stationed in Assam with Assam Rifles and participated in Burma Campaign in 1944–45 on the side of the Great Britain.{{rp|236–237}}[2] During World War II, he selected to serve as Aide-de-Camp (ADC) to Viscount Slim who commanded the 14th Army.{{rp|488}}[4] He was promoted to two-star rank and elevated as Major-General in the army.[5] During the war with India in 1965, he was Director-General of Military Operations (DGMO) and directed military operations against the Indian Army.[6] His actions of valor won him the nomination of prestigious Sitara-e-Pakistan by the President. In 1967, he was made GOC of the 1st Armoured Division of the Armoured Corps stationed in Multan, Punjab.[7] In 1969, he was promoted to three-star rank as lieutenant-general and subsequently was the Chief of General Staff (CGS) at the Army GHQ.[8] Role in 1971 Black September{{Main article|Black September}}According to the testimonies provided by Major-General A.O. Mitha, it was Gul Hasan's lobbying at the Army GHQ who also saved then Brigadier Zia-ul-Haq (Chief of Pakistan military mission) from being terminated. Brigadier Zia who was in Jordan in 1971 was requested to be court-martial from Major-General Nawazish to President Yahya Khan for disobeying GHQ orders by commanding a Jordanian armoured division against the Palestinians, as part of actions in which thousands were killed.[9] That event is known as "Operation Black September". It was Gul Hasan who interceded for Zia and Yahya Khan let Zia off the hook.[10] 1971 war and BangladeshIn 1971, he was the Chief of General Staff at the Army GHQ and allegedly either executed or approved military operations in East Pakistan.[15] As CGS of Pakistan Army, he was heading the military operations and intelligence during this period.[11] It is also alleged that he was the "intellectual planner" of Pakistan Army's crackdown in the East and that he preferred a military solution of the political crisis looming over the horizon of Pakistan during 1971.[12] He lacked foresight as was viewed by some of his colleagues in Pakistan Army as "short on strategic vision but good as field commander".[13] He, along with Air Marshal A.R. Khan, played a crucial role in forcing President Yahya Khan to step down from the presidency.[14] Army Commander (1971–72)After the 1971 war which ended with unilateral surrender to India, President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto called Lieutenant-General Gul Hassan to take over the post of Commander in Chief of Pakistan Army, which he refused.[15] However, he reluctantly accepted the post on several of his set conditions and took over the command of Pakistan Army.[15] In controversy, Khan was avoided to be promoted the four-star rank as opposed to his predecessors, by Bhutto.{{rp|210}}[22] Initially, he provided his support to President Bhutto but began obstructing the hearings of Hamoodur Rahman Commission.[16] Reports were surfacing that Gul Hassan Khan, alongside with Air Marshal A.R. Khan, were interfering in state's affairs and influencing on Hamoodur Rahman Commission.{{rp|213}}[16] As Army Commander-in-Chief, he lessened the role and value of the Inter–Services Intelligence which lost its importance throughout this time, and the new Army Commander did not pay any attention to ISI as he relied on Intelligence Buurea (IB) instead.[17] The ISI's covert operations were never revealed to him and Khan was reluctant and incompetent commander to control the ISI; instead the ISI began directly reporting to President Bhutto.{{rp|88}}[17] In 1972, the Hamoodur Rahman Commission implicated him for his role in atrocities committed in East Pakistan which eventually led towards his termination. Upon approval of his termination papers, the Governor of Punjab Ghulam Mustafa Khar allegedly huddled up in a car and taken to Lahore.{{rp|122}}[18] Khan's alleged involvement and his controversial approvals of military operations during 1971 in East Pakistan [11] created a public resentment towards him, as he was the Director-General of the Director-general for the Military Operations (DGMO). When it was cleared by Hamoodur Rahman Commission, led by Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman, Bhutto fired Khan as Army Commander-in-Chief and appointed General Tikka Khan instead. FamilyHe had three brothers and a sister. He has relatives still residing in Pabbi Nowshera District, and in Quetta, Pakistan. General Gul Hassan Khan died in 1999 and was buried in Pabbi in Nowshera District (Main town of Chirrat Cant, Chowki Mumriaz, Taroo Jaba, Akber Pura). In the last few years of his life he was dividing his time between Vienna, Austria and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. He wrote a book Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan. See also
Further reading
References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Alikozai|first1=Hamid|title=A Concise History of Afghanistan-Central Asia and India in 25 Volumes|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=9781490735948|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHxRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=gul+hassan+khan+pashtun&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiej4nZ4-_OAhURw2MKHbBkAlUQuwUIIzAB#v=onepage&q=gul%20hassan%20khan%20pashtun&f=false|accessdate=2 September 2016|language=en}} 2. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=1999|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442241480|pages=236–237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA235&dq=gul+hassan+khan+born+1921&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv3ZvK4-_OAhURw2MKHbBkAlUQuwUIIzAB#v=onepage&q=gul%20hassan%20khan%20&f=false|accessdate=2 September 2016|language=en}} 3. ^http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/19gul.htm 4. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Brigadier Samir|title=NOTHING BUT!|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781482814767|pages=488–489|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTlcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA488&dq=gul+hassan+khan+born&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyvdH-4u_OAhVNwGMKHaZzBQMQuwUIOzAF#v=snippet&q=gul%20hassan%20khan%20born&f=false|accessdate=2 September 2016|language=en}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Gul Hassan|title=Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=438|accessdate=2 September 2016|language=en}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Koithara|first1=Verghese|title=Crafting Peace in Kashmir: Through A Realist Lens|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132103370|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZOHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94&dq=Gull+Hassan+Khan+1965&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDgPLt6e_OAhUIxGMKHU-kBK0QuwUIKjAC#v=onepage&q=Gul%20Hassan&f=false|accessdate=2 September 2016|language=en}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Qayyum|first1=Colonel Abdul|title=Remembering Lt Gen Gul Hasan|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/gul-hassan.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=Col. A. Quyyum, Defence Journal|accessdate=2 September 2016|language=en|date=March 2000}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Chaudhry|first1=Praveen K.|last2=Vanduzer-Snow|first2=Marta|title=The United States and India: A History Through Archives: The Later Years:|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9788132104773|page=443|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZPJtOkc3qcC&pg=PA443&dq=gul+hassan+khan+Chief+of+General+Staff&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6hv7p_O_OAhUD-mMKHSuFCkE4ChC7BQgrMAI#v=onepage&q=gul%20hassan%20khan%20Chief%20of%20General%20Staff&f=false|language=en}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Mitha|first1=A.O.|title=Unlikely beginnings : a soldier's life|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press, Mitha|location=Karachi|isbn=978-0-19-579413-7|pages=500}} 10. ^{{cite news|last1=Newspaper|first1=From the|title=Zia: A Counter-view|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1279709|accessdate=2 September 2016|agency=Dawn|publisher=Dawn Newspapers|date=25 August 2016}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html |title=''Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971.'' Gendercide Watch |publisher=Gendercide.org |accessdate=10 November 2011}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.banglar.webng.com/banglar/liberation/bangla/article7.htm |title=Gul Hassan Khan |last=Ullah |first=A. H. Jaffor |accessdate=13 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120722124559/http://www.banglar.webng.com/banglar/liberation/bangla/article7.htm |archivedate=22 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/gul-hassan.htm |title=Remembering Gen Gul Hassan |last=Qayyum |first=Col(Rtd) Abdul |publisher=Defence Journal |accessdate=13 November 2011}} 14. ^{{cite book|last1=Prabhakar|first1=Peter Wilson|title=Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170998907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC&pg=PA113&dq=Gul+Hassan+Khan+Hamoodur+Rahman+Commission&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGlrvJiPDOAhVP02MKHRhWDcE4ChC7BQgqMAI#v=onepage&q=Gul%20Hassan%20Khan%20Hamoodur%20Rahman%20Commission&f=false|accessdate=2 September 2016|language=en}} 15. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christopher|title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience|publisher=Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot|isbn=9780190613303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XdeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT151&dq=gul+hassan+khan+1971+war&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi51YyTgvDOAhUlS2MKHTMgD9s4ChC7BQgeMAA#v=onepage&q=gul%20hassan%20khan%201971%20war&f=false|accessdate=2 September 2016|language=en}} 16. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Rizvi|first1=Hasan Askari|title=The Military & Politics in Pakistan, 1947–1997|date=2000|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|isbn=9789693511482|pages=382|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMreAAAAMAAJ&q=Gul+Hassan+Khan+Hamoodur+Commission&dq=Gul+Hassan+Khan+Hamoodur+Commission&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjimPXdi_DOAhVJxmMKHXvwAoA4ChDrAQg4MAU|accessdate=2 September 2016|language=en}} 17. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Sirrs|first1=Owen L.|title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317196099|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=Gul+Hassan+Khan+ISI&source=bl&ots=7hFCKJzYPi&sig=ofQJPqjo6OhLxeV3qBJg7WN8-xA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9pLvyjfDOAhVU22MKHYyrB3gQ6AEIVjAP#v=onepage&q=Gul%20Hassan%20Khan%20ISI&f=false|accessdate=2 September 2016|language=en}} 18. ^{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Aqil|title=The Army and Democracy|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674419773|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShihAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA334&dq=hamoodur+rehman+commision&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiG1vL-vNvOAhUB52MKHcPwCc4QuwUIPTAG#v=snippet&q=Gul%20Hassan&f=false|accessdate=2 September 2016|language=en}} External links
|years=1969–1971 |before=Sahabzada Yaqub Khan| after=M. Rahim Khan}} {{succession box | title=Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Army| before=Yahya Khan| after=Tikka Khan (as Chief of Army Staff)|years=1971–1972}}{{s-end}}{{Pakistan Army template}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Gul Hassan}} 14 : 1921 births|1999 deaths|People from Quetta|Pashtun people|Rashtriya Indian Military College alumni|Indian Army personnel of World War II|Frontier Force Regiment officers|British Indian Army officers|Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War|Commanders-in-Chief, Pakistan Army|Pakistani memoirists|Pakistan Army Armored Corps officers|Pakistani generals |
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