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词条 Bahia-class cruiser
释义

  1. Design

  2. Construction

  3. Modernization

  4. Loss of the Bahia

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. Footnotes

  8. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}{{Infobox ship image
Ship image = Bahia class line drawing.png Ship caption = Line drawings of the Bahia class
}}{{Infobox ship class overview		Name=Bahia classBuilders=Operators=Brazilian NavyClass before=Class after=Subclasses=Built range=1907–1910In commission range=1910–1948Total ships building=Total ships planned=3Total ships completed=2Total ships cancelled=1Total ships lost=1Total ships scrapped=1
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		 Ship type=Scout cruiser3100|t|LT ST|lk=out}}[1][2]122.38|m|ft|abbr=on}} oa
  • {{convert|115.82|m|ft|abbr=on}} pp[2]
11.89|–|11.91|m|ft|abbr=on}}[2]3.81|m|ft|abbr=on}} forward[2]
  • {{convert|4.75|m|ft|abbr=on}} amidships[2]
  • {{convert|4.42|m|ft|abbr=on}} aft[2]
 Ship propulsion =*Five Parsons steam turbines,[3] ten Yarrow boilers[2]
  • Coal normal {{convert|150|t|LT ST|abbr=on}}[3]
  • Maximum {{convert|650|t|LT ST|abbr=on}}[3]
26.5|kn|km/h mph}} as designed[1]
  • {{convert|27.016|kn|km/h mph}} trial[1]
  • {{convert|25|kn|km/h mph}} at full load[2]
1400|nmi|km mi}} @ {{convert|23.5|kn|km/h mph}}[3]
  • {{convert|3500|nmi|km mi}} @ {{convert|10|kn|km/h mph}}[3]
 Ship complement = 320[3] to 357[2]120|mm|in|abbr=on}}/50 caliber,[2]
  • six × {{convert|47|mm|in|abbr=on}}/50 caliber,[1][2]
  • two × {{convert|457|mm|in|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes[1]
19|mm|in|abbr=on}}[1]
  • Conning tower: {{convert|76|mm|in|abbr=on}}[1]
 Ship notes = These specifications apply to when Bahia was commissioned.
}}

The Bahia class was a pair of scout cruisers built for Brazil by Armstrong Whitworth in the United Kingdom, based on a design that borrowed heavily from the British {{sclass-|Adventure|cruiser|0}} scout cruisers. The class comprised the lead ship {{ship|Brazilian cruiser|Bahia||2}} and her sister {{ship|Brazilian cruiser|Rio Grande do Sul||2}}, along with a canceled third ship, Ceara.[4] Both were named after states of Brazil. As a class, they were the fastest cruisers in the world when commissioned, and the first in the Brazilian Navy to use steam turbines for propulsion.

In the mid-1920s, both ships were extensively modernized with three new Brown–Curtis turbine engines and six new Thornycroft boilers, and, in the process, was converted from coal-burning ships to oil-burning. The refit resulted in a striking aesthetic change, with the exhaust being trunked into three funnels, instead of two. The armament was also modified; three {{convert|20.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} Madsen guns, a {{convert|7|mm|in|abbr=on}} Hotchkiss machine gun, and four {{convert|533|mm|in|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes were added.

In the Second World War, both were used as convoy escorts. On 4 July 1945, Bahia was lost after an accident caused a massive explosion which incapacitated the ship and sunk her within minutes, resulting a large loss of life. Rio Grande do Sul survived the war and was scrapped in 1948.

Design

The class's design borrowed heavily from the British {{sclass-|Adventure|cruiser|0}} scout cruisers.[1] The ships displaced {{convert|3100|t|LT|lk=out}},[1][2] and their dimensions were {{convert|122.38|m|ftin|abbr=on}} overall, {{convert|115.82|m|ftin|abbr=on}} between perpendiculars, {{convert|11.89|–|11.91|m|ftin|abbr=on}} at the beam, and a draft of {{convert|3.81|m|ftin|abbr=on}} forward, {{convert|4.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}} amidships, and {{convert|4.42|m|ftin|abbr=on}} aft.[2] They were powered by five Parsons steam turbines, and ten Yarrow boilers, with a coal bunker that could hold a normal load of {{convert|150|t|LT|abbr=on}}, and a maximum load of {{convert|650|t|LT|abbr=on}}.[3]

The Bahia class was designed to reach a speed of {{convert|26.5|kn|km/h}};[2] both ships exceeded this during trials with Bahia reaching {{convert|27.016|kn|km/h}} at trial.[1] As designed, the class's range was {{convert|1400|nmi|km mi}} at {{convert|23.5|kn|km/h}}, or {{convert|3500|nmi|km}} at {{convert|10|kn|km/h}}.[3] The class was armed with ten {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}}/50 caliber, six QF 3 pounder {{convert|47|mm|in|abbr=on}}/50 caliber guns[1][2] and two {{convert|457|mm|in|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes.[1] The class was lightly armored with only {{convert|19|mm|in|abbr=on}} of deck armor, with the conning tower having {{convert|76|mm|in|abbr=on}}.[1]

Construction

The class was part of a large 1904 naval building program by Brazil.[5][6] Also planned as part of this were the two {{sclass-|Minas Geraes|battleship|0}} dreadnoughts, ten {{sclass-|Pará|destroyer|||1908}}s, three submarines and a submarine tender.[6][7] With a design that borrowed heavily from the British Adventure-class scout cruisers,[1] Bahia{{'}}s keel was laid first on 19 August 1907 in Armstrong Whitworth's Elswick, Newcastle upon Tyne yard, followed by Rio Grande do Sul 30 August 1907.[1][8] Construction took about a year and a half, and both ships were launched in 1909.[5][8]{{efn-ua|The Miramar Ship Index—using information from contemporary builders' records—and Poder Naval Online record Bahia{{'}}s launching date as 20 January 1909, and her sister ship Rio Grande do Sul{{'}}s as 20 April 1909. Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 and the Brazilian Navy's official history reverse these dates, giving 20 January for Rio Grande do Sul and 20 April for Bahia. This article uses the former date because of Miramar{{'}}s use of builders' records, which, in this case, should be the most accurate source. See: {{csr|register=MSI|id=6103832|shipname=Bahia |accessdate=19 October 2009 }}; {{csr|register=MSI|id=6103914|shipname=Rio Grande do Sul |accessdate=19 October 2009 }}; Gardiner and Gray eds. (1984), p. 405; {{Cite web|title=Bahia (3º) |url=http://biblioteca.dphdm.mar.mil.br/Internet/navios/Index.asp?codNavio=155|date= |work=Histórico de Navios On-Line |publisher=Marinha do Brasil |language = Portuguese |accessdate = 19 October 2009}}}} Both ships were completed and commissioned into the navy in 1910.[2] As a class, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul were the fastest cruisers in the world when they were commissioned,[1] and the first in the Brazilian Navy to utilize steam turbines for propulsion.[2]

Modernization

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 240
| image1 = Brazilian cruiser Bahia 2.JPG
| width1 =
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Bahia prior to being modernized between 1925 and 26, with a low bridge and two funnels.
| image2 = Brazilian cruiser Bahia 4.jpg
| width2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Bahia post-modernization. The most striking visual changes were adding height to and adding a third funnel. Even though oil has a greater thermal efficiency, an extra funnel was necessitated by the arrangement of new oil-firing boilers, where two each were placed in three independent compartments.[9]}}

In the mid-1920s,[1][2][5]{{efn-ua|The official history of the ship gives a 1924–1927 range, while Conway's All The World's Fighting Ship's 1906–1921 p. 405 and Poder Naval Online give 1925–1926.}} the class underwent significant modernization.[2] The original five turbines were replaced by three Brown–Curtiss turbines, while the original ten boilers were replaced by six Thornycroft oil-burning boilers, which necessitated the addition of a third funnel. The former coal bunkers, along with some of the space freed up by the decrease in boilers, were converted to hold {{convert|588120|L|USgal|abbr=on}} of oil.[2] These changes resulted in Bahia{{'}}s top speed increasing to {{convert|28|kn|mph km/h}}.[1] All of the boats on board were replaced, and three {{convert|20.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} Madsen guns, a {{convert|7|mm|in|abbr=on}} Hotchkiss machine gun, and four {{convert|533|mm|in|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes were added to give the ship a defense against aircraft and more power against surface ships.[2]

The class was modernized again twice during the Second World War, in both 1942 and 1944. The modernizations were not as extensively as it was in the 1920s; the Brazilian Navy's official history of Bahia reports these but does not specify what modifications the ship underwent in which year.[2] Two {{convert|47|mm|in|abbr=on}} guns were replaced with {{convert|76|mm|in|abbr=on}} L/23 AA guns, Madsen guns were replaced with seven Oerlikon 20 mm cannons in single mounts, and a director for these guns was installed.[2] Two depth charge tracks were added, improved range-finders were added to the {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} guns, and sonar and radar were fitted, in addition to other minor modifications.[2]{{efn-ua|Regarding the installation of sonar, it is not clear whether it was fitted for the first time in 1942 (and used in the 10 July depth charging) or whether a more modern sonar replaced an outmoded version in either 1942 or 1944.}}

Loss of the Bahia

{{further|Brazilian cruiser Bahia#Loss}}

On 4 July 1945, Bahia was acting as a plane guard for transport aircraft flying from the Atlantic to Pacific theaters of war. While Bahia{{'}}s gunners were firing at a kite for anti-aircraft practice, one fired too low and hit depth charges stored near the stern of the ship. A massive explosion incapacitated the ship and sank her within minutes, resulting a large loss of life.[1][10][11]

See also

  • List of ships of the Second World War
  • List of ship classes of the Second World War

Notes

{{Notelist-ua}}

Footnotes

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Gardiner and Gray eds. (1984), p. 405
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 {{Cite web|title=Bahia (3º) |url=http://biblioteca.dphdm.mar.mil.br/Internet/navios/Index.asp?codNavio=155 |date= |work=Histórico de Navios; Serviço de Documentação da Marinha |publisher=Marinha do Brasil |language = Portuguese |accessdate = 19 October 2009}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Janes Fighting Ships (2001) [1919], p. 300
4. ^"The Brazilian Navy," Times (London), 28 December 1908, 48f.
5. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/B/B006/B006.htm |title=Cruzador Bahia – C 12/C 2|work=Navios de Guerra Brasileiros; 1822 – Hoje|publisher=Poder Naval Online|accessdate=19 October 2009|language=Portuguese |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080226161020/http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/B/B006/B006.htm |archivedate = 26 February 2008}}
6. ^1 Gardiner and Gray eds. (1984), p. 403
7. ^Scheina (2003), p. 37
8. ^1 {{csr|register=MSI|id=6103832|shipname=Bahia |accessdate=19 October 2009 }}
9. ^"Bahia (3º)," Serviço de Documentação da Marinha — Histórico de Navios.
10. ^Scheina (2003), p. 427
11. ^{{Cite news|date = 23 July 1945 |title = Brazil: Disaster |work=Time |pages= |url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,803597,00.html}}

References

  • {{cite book|last=Brook|first=Peter|title=Warships for Export: Armstrong Warships 1867 – 1927|publisher=World Ship Society|location=Gravesend, Kent, UK|year=1999|isbn=0-905617-89-4}}
  • {{Cite book| editor1-last = Gardiner | editor1-first = Robert | editor2-last = Gray | editor2-first = Randal | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921 | year = 1984 | location = Annapolis | publisher = Naval Institute Press | isbn = 0-87021-907-3 | oclc = 12119866 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V2r_TBjR2TYC}}
  • {{Cite book| title = Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I | publisher = Random House [Jane's Publishing Company] | location = London | year = 2001 | origyear = 1919 | isbn = 1-85170-378-0 | oclc = 48257502}}
  • {{Cite book| last = Scheina | first = Robert L. | title = Latin America's Wars: Volume II, The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001| year = 2003 | location = Washington D.C. | publisher = Brassey's | isbn = 1-57488-452-2 | oclc = 53078537 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aWQ_7oKJfkC }}
{{Bahia class cruisers}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahia}}

6 : Bahia-class cruisers|Ships built by Armstrong Whitworth|Ships built on the River Tyne|1909 ships|World War I cruisers of Brazil|World War II cruisers of Brazil
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