请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Bahá'í Faith in Haiti
释义

  1. Early phase

      Seven Year Plan and succeeding decades    Establishment  

  2. Growth

      Internationally    Internally    Socio-economic development projects    Anís Zunúzí Bahá'í School    CAFT (Centre d'apprentissage et de Formation pour la Transformation) Program  

  3. Modern community

      After the 2010 Haiti earthquake    Demographics  

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Bahá'í sidebar}}

The Bahá'í Faith in Haiti began in 1916 when `Abdu'l-Bahá, the head of the religion, cited Haiti as one of the island countries of the Caribbean where Bahá'ís should establish a religious community.[1] The first Bahá'í to visit the island was Mrs. Harriet Gibbs Marshall, from 1922-1928[2]. Another early Bahá'í to visit Haiti was Leonora Armstrong in 1927.[3] After that, others visited Haiti, and by January 1937 Louis George Gregory visited the island and cited the presence of a small community of Bahá'ís.[4] The first long term pioneers, Ruth and Ellsworth Blackwell, arrived in 1940.[5] Following their arrival the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Haiti was formed in 1942 in Port-au-Prince.[6] From 1951 the Haitian Bahá'ís participated in regional organizations of the religion[7] until 1961 when Haitian Bahá'ís elected their own National Spiritual Assembly[8] and soon took on goals reaching out into neighboring islands.[9] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying mostly on the World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 23,000 Bahá'ís in Haiti in 2005,[10] and about the same in 2010.[11]

Early phase

`Abdu'l-Bahá, the son of the founder of the religion, wrote a series of letters, or tablets, to the followers of the religion in the United States in 1916–1917; these letters were compiled together in a book titled Tablets of the Divine Plan. The sixth of the tablets was the first to mention Latin American regions and was written on April 8, 1916, but was delayed in being presented in the United States until 1919—after the end of the First World War and the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic. The sixth tablet was translated and presented by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab on April 4, 1919, and published in Star of the West magazine on December 12, 1919.[1]

His Christ Holiness says: Travel ye to the East and to the West of the world and summon the people to the Kingdom of God.…(travel to) the Islands of the West Indies, such as Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the Islands of the Lesser Antilles, Bahama Islands, even the small Watling Island, have great importance…[12]

In 1922 Harriet Gibbs Marshall accompanied her husband to Haiti, where he was sent by President Warren G. Harding to be a part of the U.S. legation. They lived there for six years, during which time she founded the Jean Joseph Industrial School in Port-au-Prince and worked extensively with Haitian social welfare charities[13]. She had been a Baha'i since 1912 and is famous for having provided the venue for the first integrated Baha'i Feast in the Southern United States at her 902 T Street Music School. She also opened schools serving those of African Descent in Kentucky in 1900 and DC in 1902.

Five years later, Leonora Armstrong visited Haiti in 1927 as part of her plan to compliment and complete Martha Root's unfulfilled intention of visiting all the Latin American countries for the purpose of presenting the religion to an audience.[3] In 1929 Keith Ransom-Kehler visited Haiti.[14]

Seven Year Plan and succeeding decades

Shoghi Effendi, head of the religion after the death of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, wrote a cable on May 1, 1936 to the Bahá'í Annual Convention of the United States and Canada, and asked for the systematic implementation of `Abdu'l-Bahá's vision to begin.[15] In his cable he wrote:

Appeal to assembled delegates ponder historic appeal voiced by `Abdu'l-Bahá in Tablets of the Divine Plan. Urge earnest deliberation with incoming National Assembly to insure its complete fulfillment. First century of Bahá'í Era drawing to a close. Humanity entering outer fringes most perilous stage its existence. Opportunities of present hour unimaginably precious. Would to God every State within American Republic and every Republic in American continent might ere termination of this glorious century embrace the light of the Faith of Bahá'u'lláh and establish structural basis of His World Order.[16]

Following the May 1 cable, another cable from Shoghi Effendi came on May 19 calling for permanent pioneers to be established in all the countries of Latin America.[15] The Bahá'í National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and Canada appointed the Inter-America Committee to take charge of the preparations. During the 1937 Bahá'í North American Convention, Shoghi Effendi cabled advising the convention to prolong their deliberations to permit the delegates and the National Assembly to consult on a plan that would enable Bahá'ís to go to Latin America as well as to include the completion of the outer structure of the Bahá'í House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois. In 1937 the First Seven Year Plan (1937–44), which was an international plan designed by Shoghi Effendi, gave the American Bahá'ís the goal of establishing the Bahá'í Faith in every country in Latin America.

Establishment

Just before this plan was announced, the next Bahá'ís to visit were Louis George Gregory and his wife, who could speak French, in January 1937. While there they had a chance to meet Oswald Garrison Villard.[4] Gregory indicated a community of at least 5 active members who had French translations of Some Answered Questions, and that the community was refused permission to hold public meetings. Several Bahá'ís then made stops of varying lengths in Haiti.[17][18][19]

Ruth and Ellsworth Blackwell are noted as pioneers starting around 1940.[5][20] By 1941 three converts to the religion include Mr. and Mrs. McBean and Muriel Johnson,[21] a Jamaican couple and niece.[22] The first Local Spiritual Assembly of Haiti was formed in 1942 in Port-au-Prince.[6] Further translations, including the Will and Testament of `Abdu'l-Bahá, arrived later in 1942.[23] The Blackwells left by July 1943 though the community continued functioning.[24] Word is received of two converts, Royer Dejean and Andre Paul, by January 1944.[25] In 1943 writer and Bahá'í Alain Locke was on leave as Inter-American exchange Professor to Haiti under the joint auspices of the American Committee for Inter-American Artistic and Intellectual Relations and the Haitian Ministry of Education. Towards the end of his stay there, President Élie Lescot personally decorated Locke with the National Order of Honour and Merit, grade of Commandeur.[26] In March 1946 Dr. Malcolm King moved to Haiti.[27] By August there were some 20 Bahá'ís in Port-au-Prince and the assembly was able to register with the national government.[22] King moved away in 1947[28] while other pioneers move to Haiti.[29] In early 1948 a Latin American Congress was called in Mexico to coordinate institutional growth across the region and the delegate from Haiti was Martial Coulange.[30] In late 1948 Gayle Woolson[31] and early 1949 Louise Caswell[32] each were able to travel through Haiti communities like Saint Marc and elsewhere and gave public talks.

By 1949 Bahá'ís of Port-au-Prince had a working center which served to have children and adult oriented events including classes, free medical, dental, and legal services as well as chances to hear about the religion.[33] The Blackwell's returned to Haiti in 1950.[34]

Growth

Internationally

From the early period of development the Bahá'í community in Haiti grew in relation to its regional neighbors as well as internally. The Bahá'ís of the region of northern Latin America were first organized under the regional national assembly of Central America, Mexico and the Antilles from 1951.[7] The inaugural convention was witnessed by Hand of the Cause Dorothy Beecher Baker at which the Bahá'ís of Haiti were assigned two delegates from its local assembly of Port-au-Prince.[35] Then Haitian Bahá'ís were assigned to the regional assembly of the Greater Antilles from 1957 until 1961, when the Haitian Bahá'ís elected their own National Spiritual Assembly[8] with Hand of the Cause Ugo Giachery representing the Bahá'í International Community.[3] The members of the first National Spiritual Assembly of Haiti were: Eustace Bailey, Alcide Narcisse, Jean Desert, Joseph Albert Bajeux, Ellsworth Blackwell, André St. Louis, Joseph C. Pierre, Ruth Blackwell, and Circé Brantome.[36] In 1963 the Bahá'ís of the world looked to the election of the Universal House of Justice as the new head of the religion. The delegates for the international convention were the members of the national assemblies then in existence. The members of the Haitian National Assembly who participated in the election were: Eustace Bailey, Odette Benjamin, Ellsworth Blackwell, Ruth Blackwell, Circe Brantome, Jean Desert, Alcide Narcisse, Speline Posy, André St. Louis (all of whom voted in absentia).[37] In 1964 Haitian Bahá'ís were then given goal areas to spread the religion including Barbuda, St. Kitts-Nevis, Saba, St. Eustatis, St. Martin, Guadeloupe, Antigua and Martinique.[38] In 1965 Guadeloupe and Martinique had families from Haiti pioneer there[9] while members of the national assembly attended a Honduran conference on the progress of the religion there.[9][39] Over the next few years pioneers from Haiti went to Bangui, the capital of the Central African Republic,[40] and Dahomey (now called Benin)[41] followed by Dominica in 1971[42] - Hand of the Cause, `Alí-Muhammad Varqá, offered a conference workshop on pioneering at the Amelia Collins Bahá'í School at Liancourt later in 1971.[43]

Internally

Internally in 1953 Guillermo Aguilar, former chairman of the Lima, Peru local assembly, directed the establishment of a technological school for Haiti on behalf of the United Nations and took several opportunities for talks on the religion and the United Nations.[44] In 1955 the regional assembly began publishing a National Bulletin which would be published in English, Spanish and French.[45] 1956 was a year of several developments in Haiti. The first local assembly of Cap-Haïtien was elected in April[46] and traveling Bahá'ís visited communities across Haiti.[47] The national center was acquired in February and dedicated in May.[48] 1956 also marked the first national conference on the progress of the religion - members of four cities of Haiti were represented.[49] By 1957 the Blackwells had again returned to Haiti for a shorter stay.[50] In 1958 a United Nations Day celebration was set by the Bahá'ís at which some 70 non-Bahá'ís attended[51] and Bahá'í marriage ceremonies were accepted legally.[52] In 1958 Haiti hosted the convention to elect the regional assembly of the Greater Antilles[53] as well as the first international school of the Antilles with attendees from Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Haiti.[54] Hand of the Cause Ugo Giachery and then US National Assembly member Glenford Mitchell met with the Antillees assembly as well as giving talks in February 1959 in Haiti.[55] Two conferences on the progress of the religion as well as international schools were again held in Haiti and another set in the Dominican republic were held in 1960[56] - the Haitian school having Giachery, Mitchell and others giving talks.[57] Public talks on the religion were held in Port-au-Prince and Liancourt.[58] The Blackwells again returned to Haiti November 1960.[59] An organized campaign in 1962 used techniques learned in Africa (see Bahá'í Faith in Uganda for example) establishing communities of dozens of Bahá'ís.[60] In 1963 there were Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assemblies in 10 towns including Cap-Haïtien, Port-au-Prince, and Saint-Marc - a registered group of Bahá'ís in Pétion-Ville and isolated Bahá'ís in 5 other locations.[61] The 1964 national convention had 19 delegates from across Haiti representing thirteen local assemblies.[62] In 1969 Ellswoorth Blackwell was able to present a talk to the Toastmasters International club on the subject of "Equality of the Sexes."[63] In December 1976 a traveling Bahá'í from France, Andre Brugiroux, visited Haiti for a weeklong tour and was able to show a film of his at the Haitian French Institute on two occasions for an audience ultimately of some 670 people.[64] In 1977 secretaries and treasurers of more than half the local assemblies of Haiti were gathered for a one-day institute conducted in the Creole language by native believers about assembly functions.[65] The 1979 national convention had 49 delegates present to elect the national assembly.[66] In 1989 the leadership of the Haitian Cayemites island's population made a decision to adopt the religion for the island[67] and a school was established in 1989.[68]

Socio-economic development projects

Since its inception the religion has had involvement in socio-economic development beginning by giving greater freedom to women,[69] promulgating the promotion of female education as a priority concern,[70] and that involvement was given practical expression by creating schools, agricultural coops, and clinics.[69] In 1978-9 articles relating to International Year of the Child were placed by Bahá'ís in national and local newspapers and three radio stations in Haiti carried announcements of public meetings.[71]

The religion entered a new phase of activity when a message of the Universal House of Justice dated 20 October 1983 was released.[72] In December 1983 the national assembly registered with the government as an NGO.[73] Bahá'ís were urged to seek out ways, compatible with the Bahá'í teachings, in which they could become involved in the social and economic development of the communities in which they lived. World-wide in 1979 there were 129 officially recognized Bahá'í socio-economic development projects. By 1987, the number of officially recognized development projects had increased to 1482. In 1980, the Haitian Bahá'í community started an elementary school (Anís Zunúzí), later joined by a forest protection program, and a variety of village kindergartens.[74]

Anís Zunúzí Bahá'í School

{{main article|Anís Zunúzí Bahá'í School}}

The Anís Zunúzí Bahá'í School is a Bahá'í School near Port-au-Prince which first began to hold classes in 1980.[75] In October 1982 Rúhíyyih Khanum, a Hand of the Cause, a position of prominence in the Bahá'í Faith, presided at the official inauguration ceremony for the school.[76] The initial board of directors were Counsellor Farzam Arbab, Dr. Nabil Hanna, Benjamin Levy, Dr. Iraj Majzub and Georges Marcellus.[77] It reached the point of offering classes K through 10th grade.[78] The student population comes mostly from no to low-income families, and most students are only paying minimal or no fees to attend the school.[79] It follows the national curriculum but also provides moral education and English classes. It is situated on about three acres of land in what has become a suburb several miles north east of Port-au-Prince proper (and a few north west of Croix-des-Bouquets.)[80]

More recently the whole area has been built up with both private homes and businesses.[81] More recently the Mona Foundation has supported the school with funding for support of satellite schools, scholarships, regular summer camps, and general funding as well as acting as a mediator of larger scale funding for infrastructure improvements.[78]

CAFT (Centre d'apprentissage et de Formation pour la Transformation) Program

Another Bahá'í development program in Haiti, CAFT (Centre d'apprentissage et de Formation pour la Transformation) Program, is also supported by the Mona Foundation,[82] which offers teacher-training programs in cooperation with other NGOs helping schools across Haiti[83] and is registered with the Haitian Ministry of Social Affairs and is authorized to function as a training agency by the Ministry of Education.[82] Its projects began in 2000 with Plan International, then YELE Haiti 2005-6, UNICEF 2006, 2007 and currently is managing the training component of the Rewriting the Future project of Save the Children (2008–2010).

Modern community

A decade of collaboration was developed between a village and a network of people in the United States through Bahá'í contacts.[84] Others had made trips recently as part of a documentary on Bahá'í efforts in Haiti.[85][86][87][88][89] Two of the schools recently added include New Horizon School, which is run by Bernard Martinod, a French architect, outside Port-au-Prince that serves some of the small villages in the area, and the Georges Marcellus School in the rural village of Gureot.[90] The government of Haiti voted in favor of a United Nations General Assembly Resolution on the "Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran" (UN document no. A/C.3/56/L.50) on 19 December 2001.[91] See Persecution of Bahá'ís. Various Bahá'ís continue to explore Haiti as a place to offer services.[92][93][94][95] In 2007, following the United Nations’ adoption of the "Draft Guiding Principles on Extreme poverty and Human Rights", the Bahá'í International Community organized local consultations with Bahá'í communities in Haiti and several other countries around the world in order to draw out their perspectives on the meaning and experience of poverty, and its connection to human rights in order to provide its comment on the Draft Guiding Principles and submitted to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.[96]

After the 2010 Haiti earthquake

The United States National Spiritual Assembly directed prayers to be offered at the Bahá'í House of Worship, posted messages about individuals, and commented on the spiritual import of such events from the Bahá'í writings:

"... When such a crisis sweeps over the world no person should hope to remain intact. We belong to an organic unit and when one part of the organism suffers all the rest of the body will feel its consequence. This is in fact the reason why Baha'u'llah calls our attention to the unity of mankind. But as Bahá'ís we should not let such hardship weaken our hope in the future... "[97]
Prayers and raising donations were also offered at the Green Acre Bahá'í School.[98] News of the Bahá'ís as of January 16 reported that the community was generally accounted for with no deaths.[99]

The principal of Anis Zununi school in 2010 reported on January 17 on Facebook that the school was generally still standing[100] and its staff and others with CAFT were cooperating in relief efforts and sharing space and support with neighbors.[101] A clinic was run at the Zunuzi school by a medical team from the United States and Canada.[102]

Demographics

The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 23,055 Bahá'ís in 2005,[10] and about the same in 2010.[11] The Institut Haïtien de Statistique et d'Informatique does not offer breakdowns of religions for 5% of the Haitian population, and the only non-Christian group mentioned are the Haitian Vodou (aka Vodouisant.)[103]

See also

  • Religion in Haiti
  • History of Haiti
  • Anís Zunúzí Bahá'í School

References

1. ^1 {{cite book | last = Abbas | first = `Abdu'l-Bahá |others=Mirza Ahmad Sohrab (trans. and comments) | title = Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation |date=April 1919 | url =http://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_tablets_instructions_explanation}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.huarchivesnet.howard.edu/teachJoellenPage1.htm|title=Teaching With Documents|website=www.huarchivesnet.howard.edu|access-date=2017-03-14}}
3. ^1 2 {{Cite book| author = Universal House of Justice| author-link = Universal House of Justice| title = In Memoriam| journal = The Bahá'í World| volume = XVIII| publisher = Bahá'í World Centre| pages = 733–738| year = 1986| url = http://bahai-library.com/books/bw18/720-748.html| isbn = 0-85398-234-1}}
4. ^1 {{cite magazine | title = Annual Report Inter-America Committee |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=July 1937 | number = 109 | pages = 3–5 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=01&page=954}}
5. ^1 {{cite magazine | title = InterAmerica Teaching;Port-au-Prince, Haiti|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=October 1940 | number = 139 | page = 4 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=02&page=315}}
6. ^1 {{cite magazine | title = Supplement to Annual Report of the National Spiritual Assembly 1941-42 |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=July 1942 | number = 154 | pages = 11–12 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=02&page=495}}
7. ^1 {{cite magazine | title = Central America, Mexico and the Antilles |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=September 1951 | number = 247 | pages = 9–10 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=03&page=479}}
8. ^1 {{Citation | title = National Spiritual Assemblies Statistics | url = http://bahai-library.com/hassall_nsas_years_formation | accessdate = 2008-11-27}}
9. ^1 2 {{cite magazine | title = Teaching Conference Held in Honduras |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=June 1965 | number = 411 | page = 4 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=06&page=160}}
10. ^1 {{cite web| title = Most Baha'i Nations (2005) | work = QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions > | publisher = The Association of Religion Data Archives | year = 2005| url =http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp | accessdate = 2010-01-30}}
11. ^1 {{cite web | title = Most Baha'i Nations (2010) | work = QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions > | publisher = The Association of Religion Data Archives | year = 2010 | url =http://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp | accessdate = Oct 10, 2017 }}
12. ^{{cite book |author = `Abdu'l-Bahá |authorlink = `Abdu'l-Bahá |origyear = 1916-17 |year = 1991 |title = Tablets of the Divine Plan |edition = Paperback |publisher = Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0-87743-233-3 |url =http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/TDP/tdp-6.html.iso8859-1?#gr10 | pages = 31–36}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.huarchivesnet.howard.edu/teachJoellenPage1.htm|title=Teaching With Documents|website=www.huarchivesnet.howard.edu|access-date=2017-03-14}}
14. ^{{cite magazine | title = Report of the Twenty-First Annual Convention |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=May 1929 | number = 32 |pages=1–2 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
15. ^1 {{cite book | last = Lamb | first = Artemus | title = The Beginnings of the Bahá'í Faith in Latin America:Some Remembrances, English Revised and Amplified Edition | publisher = M L VanOrman Enterprises |date=November 1995 | location = West Linn, Oregon | url = http://bahai-library.com/lamb_bahai_latin_america}}
16. ^{{cite book |first = Shoghi |last = Effendi |authorlink = Shoghi Effendi |year = 1947 |title = Messages to America |publisher = Bahá'í Publishing Committee |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |oclc= 5806374 |url =http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/MA/ma-16.html.iso8859-1?query=Appeal%7Cto%7Cassembled%7Cdelegates%7Cponder%7Chistoric&action=highlight#gr2 | page = 6 }}
17. ^{{cite magazine | title = The Way Is Being Paved |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=October 1948 | number = 212 |pages=8–9 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=03&page=20}}
18. ^{{cite magazine | title = Latin American News |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=November 1948 | number = 213 | page =9 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=03&page=33}}
19. ^{{cite magazine | title = InterAmerican Teaching |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=October 1939 | number = 130 |pages=4–6 | url = http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=02&page=198}}
20. ^{{cite magazine | title = Inter-America Addresses |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=October 1940 | number = 139 | page =5 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=02&page=316}}
21. ^{{cite magazine | title = Port au Prince, Haiti |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=May 1941 | number = 143 | page =8 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=02&page=363}}
22. ^1 {{cite book |author=Cameron, G. |author2=Momen, W. |year= 1996 |title= A Basic Bahá'í Chronology |publisher= George Ronald |location=Oxford, UK |isbn= 0-85398-404-2|pages = 262, 271 }}
23. ^{{cite magazine | title = Inter-America News; Haiti |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=November 1942 | number = 157 | page =6 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=02&page=520}}
24. ^{{cite magazine | title = Inter-America News; Haiti |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=July 1943 | number = 164 | page =10 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=02&page=571}}
25. ^{{cite magazine | title = Inter-America News; Haiti |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=January 1944 | number = 167 | page =6 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=02&page=607}}
26. ^{{Cite journal | last = Buck | first = Christopher | title = Alain Locke: Bahá’í philosopher | journal = Baha'i Studies Review | issue = 2001/2002 | url =http://bahai-library.com/buck_alain_locke_bsr | issn = | doi = | id = | accessdate = 2010-02-06}}
27. ^{{cite magazine | title = News of Pioneers |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=March 1946 | number = 181 | page =4 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=02&page=800}}
28. ^{{cite magazine | title = Latin America Has Arisen With a Will |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=June 1947 | number = 196 | page =14 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=02&page=998}}
29. ^{{cite magazine | title = Latin American News; Intensive Teaching Campaign Initiated|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=October 1947 | number = 200 | page =8 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=02&page=1056}}
30. ^{{cite magazine | title = Latin America Is Helping|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=April 1948 | number = 206 |pages=8–9 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=02&page=1130}}
31. ^{{cite magazine | title = Latin Committees Plan Congresses|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=January 1949 | number = 215 |pages=4–5 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=03&page=54}}
32. ^{{cite magazine | title = Latin American News|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=July 1949 | number = 221 | page =4 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=03&page=54}}
33. ^{{cite magazine | title = Around the Bahá'í World; Children's school class at the … |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=February 1949 | number = 216 | page =11 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=03&page=69}}
34. ^{{cite magazine | title = Inter-America Work Moves Forward |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=August 1950 | number = 234 |pages=9–10 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=03&page=315}}
35. ^{{cite magazine | title = Election of Delegates |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=February 1951 | number = 240 |pages=11–12 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=03&page=393}}
36. ^{{cite magazine | title = First National Spiritual Assembly…|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=August 1961 | number = 365 | page =4 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=05&page=290}}
37. ^{{cite book |editor = Rabbani, R. |authorlink = Rúhíyyih Khanum |year = 1992 |title = The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963 |publisher = Bahá'í World Centre |isbn = 0-85398-350-X |url =http://bahai-library.com/uhj_ministry_custodians&chapter=7 | pages = 406, 409}}
38. ^{{cite magazine | title = NSA Highlights U.S. Tasks During Next Nine Years |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=August 1964 | number = 401 | page =1 | url = }}
39. ^{{cite magazine | title = New Goals Won in the Caribbean Area|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=July 1965 | number = 412 | page =9 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=06&page=181}}
40. ^{{cite magazine | title = Hand of the Cause of God Rúhíyyih Khánum Travels Six Thousand Miles Across Africa; We Leave the Forest|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=June 1970 | number = 471 | page =10 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=07&page=570}}
41. ^{{cite magazine | title = Hand of the Cause of God Rúhíyyih Khánum Travels Six Thousand Miles Across Africa; Dahomey, and Pioneers|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=June 1970 | number = 471 | page =14 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=07&page=574}}
42. ^{{cite magazine | title = The Great Safari of Hand of the Cause Rúhíyyih Khánum; Dominica |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=June 1971 | number = 483 | page =17 | url =http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=07&page=825}}
43. ^{{cite magazine | title = At the Amelia Collins Baha'i School…|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=June 1971 | number = 483 | page =15 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
44. ^{{cite magazine| title = International News; Central America - Bahá'ís and the United Nations |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=January 1953 | number = 263 | page =8 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
45. ^{{cite magazine| title = International News; Central America - Monthly Bulletin to Be Issued |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=September 1955 | number = 295 | page =6 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
46. ^{{cite magazine| title = First Local Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Cap Haitian… |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=June 1956 | number = 304 | page =7 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
47. ^{{cite magazine| title = American Auxiliary Board continues visits through Western Hemisphere |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=May 1956 | number = 295 | page =8 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
48. ^{{cite magazine| title = Hazíratu'l-Quds at Port-au-Prince… |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=April 1957 | number = 314 | page =3 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
49. ^{{cite magazine| title =Haitian Teaching Congress… |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=January 1957 | number = 311 | page =8 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
50. ^{{cite magazine| title = Central America Island' Teaching Activities Expand |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=June 1956 | number = 311 | page =5 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
51. ^{{cite magazine| title = UN Observance in Haiti Warmly Received |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=January 1958 | number = 323 | page =13 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
52. ^{{cite magazine| title = Haiti Recognizes Baha'i Marriages |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=April 1958 | number = 326 | page =16 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
53. ^{{cite magazine| title = Second annual convention… |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=September 1958 | number = 331 | page =7 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
54. ^{{cite magazine| title = News Briefs |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=March 1959 | number = 337 | page =14 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
55. ^{{cite magazine| title = Hand of the Cause Dr. Giachery Visits Greater Antilles |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=April 1959 | number = 338 | page =2 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
56. ^{{cite magazine| title = Increased Propagation of Faith|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=June 1960 | number = 351 | page =4| url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
57. ^{{cite magazine| title = Dr. Giachery Teaches at Haiti Baha'i School, Visits Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Jamaica |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=March 1960 | number = 349 | page =4| url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
58. ^{{cite magazine| title = Haitian Baha'is Prepare for Election of National Assembly in 1961 |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=March 1960 | number = 356 | page =9| url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
59. ^{{cite magazine| title = NSA Calls Bi-election to Fill Vatanty |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=March 1961 | number = 358 | page =2| url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
60. ^{{cite magazine| title = Haiti Becomes Rapid Expansion Area |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=January 1963 | number = 382 | page =6 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
61. ^The Bahá'í Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963, Compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land, page 88.
62. ^{{cite magazine| title = National Convention of Haiti Sets Goals for Year|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=January 1963 | number = 402 | page =9 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
63. ^{{cite magazine| title = Ellswoorth Blackwell of Haiti…|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=July 1969 | number = 460 | page =13 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
64. ^{{cite magazine| title = Around the World; Haiti|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=April 1977 | number = 553 | page =13 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
65. ^{{cite magazine| title = Around the World; Haiti|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=August 1977 | number = 557 | page =16 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
66. ^{{cite magazine| title = Around the World; Haiti|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=August 1979 | number = 581 |ISSN=0043-8804 | page =7 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
67. ^{{cite magazine| title = Around the World; Haiti|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=December 1989 | number = 704 |ISSN=0043-8804 | page =13 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
68. ^{{Cite web | title = Bahá’í children's class in the Village of Anse-a-Macon, Cayemite Island, Haiti | work = Community Activities > Children's Activities | publisher = Bahá'í International Community | date = November 1989 | url = http://media.bahai.org/subjects/activities/local/children/6206/details | accessdate = 2010-02-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716073819/http://media.bahai.org/subjects/activities/local/children/6206/details | archive-date = 2011-07-16 | dead-url = yes | df = }}
69. ^1 {{cite web | last = Momen | first = Moojan | title = History of the Baha'i Faith in Iran | work = draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith" | publisher = Bahai-library.com | url =http://bahai-library.com/momen_encyclopedia_iran#9.%20Social%20and%20economic%20development | doi = | accessdate = 2009-10-16}}
70. ^{{cite journal | last = Kingdon | first = Geeta Gandhi | title = Education of women and socio-economic development | journal = Baha'i Studies Review | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | year = 1997 | url =http://bahai-library.com/kingdon_education_women_development }}
71. ^{{cite magazine| title = IYC report - A worldwide round-up of Baha'f activities supporting the International Year of the Child; Radio/televisionlpress publicity|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=August 1979 | number = 581 | ISSN=0195-9212 | page =6 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
72. ^{{cite journal |title= The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments | first = Moojan | last = Momen |author2=Smith, Peter | year = 1989 | url = http://bahai-library.com/momen_smith_developments_1957-1988 |volume = 19 | journal = Religion | pages=63–91 |doi= 10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8}}
73. ^{{Cite web | title = LISTE DES ONG RECONNUES DE 1982 A NOS JOURS | work = Reproduction interdite à des fins commerciales | publisher = Ministère de la Planification et de la Coopération Externe | url = http://www.mpce.gouv.ht/ongreconnues.pdf | accessdate = 2010-02-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103153/http://www.mpce.gouv.ht/ongreconnues.pdf | archive-date = 2011-07-21 | dead-url = yes | df = }}
74. ^{{Cite web | title = ÉCOLE ANIS ZUNUZI : UN MOTEUR DU DÉVELOPPEMENT - LILAVOIS, Haïti | work = La communauté mondiale baha'ie et son action | publisher = Communauté Internationale Baha'ie Bureau d'Information Publique, Paris | year = 1997 | url =http://www.bahai-biblio.org/centre-doc/cib/action-bahaie/action-bahaie06.htm#6.3.1. | doi = | accessdate = 2010-02-06}}
75. ^{{cite magazine| title = Development of the Anis Zunuzi School|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=April 1983 | number = 625 | ISSN=0195-9212 |pages=5–7 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
76. ^{{cite magazine| title = Haiti Anis Zunuzi Baha'i School is dedicated|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=April 1983 | number = 625 | ISSN=0195-9212 | page =2 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
77. ^{{cite magazine| title = Zunuzi School Board of Directors named |magazine= Bahá'í News |date=April 1983 | number = 625 | ISSN=0195-9212 | page =4 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
78. ^1 {{Cite web | title = Anis Zunuzi | work = Browse Projects | publisher = Mona Foundation | year = 2010 | url = http://www.monafoundation.org/project-view.php?id=2 | accessdate = 2010-10-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727092422/http://www.monafoundation.org/project-view.php?id=2 | archive-date = 2011-07-27 | dead-url = yes | df = }}
79. ^{{Cite web|title=Zunusi School (Haiti) |work=Projects |publisher=Partners for Prosperity |url=http://www.partnersforprosperity.org/projects.php?moreinfo=96 |accessdate=2010-02-06 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
80. ^{{cite magazine| title = Haiti - Rural development at the Zunuzi School|magazine= Bahá'í News |date=November 1987 | number = 680 | ISSN=0195-9212 | page =12 | url =http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm}}
81. ^{{Cite web | title = About The School | work = Anis Zunuzi Baha'i School | publisher = Anís Zunúzí Bahá'í School | url =http://www.angelfire.com/ct/zunuzischool/#about | accessdate = 2010-02-06}}
82. ^1 {{Cite web | title = CAFT | work = Browse Projects | publisher = Mona Foundation | year = 2010 | url = http://www.monafoundation.org/project-view.php?id=13 | accessdate = 2010-10-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727092446/http://www.monafoundation.org/project-view.php?id=13 | archive-date = 2011-07-27 | dead-url = yes | df = }}
83. ^{{Cite web | last = Bahá'í International Community | first = | authorlink = Baha'i International Community | title = Moral Education | work = The Worldwide Bahá’í Community's Approach to Social and Economic Development | page = 17 | publisher = Office of Social and Economic Development | year = 2008 | url =http://www.bahai.org/features/sed/betterment.pdf | format = pdf | accessdate = 2010-02-06}}
84. ^{{Cite news | title = Smith will be guest speaker at Baha’i meetings | newspaper = The Holland Sentinel | publisher = GateHouse Media, Inc. | date = Dec 5, 2009 | url = http://www.hollandsentinel.com/lifestyle/x2072234393/Smith-will-be-guest-speaker-at-Baha-i-meetings | accessdate = 2010-02-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110614142633/http://www.hollandsentinel.com/lifestyle/x2072234393/Smith-will-be-guest-speaker-at-Baha-i-meetings | archive-date = 2011-06-14 | dead-url = yes | df = }}
85. ^{{Cite news | last = Zamani | first = Payam | title = A Visit To Haiti: Could Education Be The Answer? | newspaper = Huffington Post | publisher = HuffingtonPost.com, Inc. | date = November 24, 2009 | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/payam-zamani/a-visit-to-haiti-can-educ_b_368198.html | accessdate = 2010-02-06}}
86. ^{{Cite web| last = narom | first = | title = From Idaho to Haiti | work = | publisher = | date = September 13, 2009 | url =http://www.narom.net/2009/09/13/from-idaho-to-haiti/ | accessdate = 2010-02-06}}
87. ^{{Cite web|last=Zandra |first=Ruhi |title=Video Project Notes – After the Interview |work=Projects & Initiatives; Projects we support; Anis Zunuzi School; Growth |publisher=Mona Foundation |year=2009 |url=http://www.monafoundation.org/zunuzi/growth.htm#annexvideo |accessdate=2010-02-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202235854/http://www.monafoundation.org/zunuzi/growth.htm |archivedate=December 2, 2009 }}
88. ^{{Cite web|last=narom |first= |title=Haiti Highlights: Day 3 – CAFT & Anis Zunuzi |work= |publisher= |date=September 20, 2009 |url=http://www.wushuzilla.com/2009/09/20/haiti-highlights-day-3-caft-anis-zunuzi/ |accessdate=2010-02-06 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
89. ^{{Cite web|last=narom |first= |title=Haiti Highlights: Day 4 – Anis Zunuzi |work= |publisher= |date=September 21, 2009 |url=http://www.wushuzilla.com/2009/09/21/haiti-highlights-day-4-anis-zunuzi/ |accessdate=2010-02-06 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
90. ^{{Cite web|title=What are some of the activities of Mona Foundation? |work=Mona Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Mona Foundation |year=2009 |url=http://www.monafoundation.org/faqs.htm#activities |accessdate=2010-02-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122100807/http://www.monafoundation.org/faqs.htm |archivedate=22 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
91. ^{{cite web | last = Community | first = Bahá'í International | authorlink = Bahá'í International Community | title = UN General Assembly Resolution 2001 | work = Bahá'í Topics | publisher = Bahá'í International Community | year = 2006 | url = http://www.info.bahai.org/article-1-8-3-23.html | accessdate = 2008-05-21| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080510025914/http://www.info.bahai.org/article-1-8-3-23.html| archivedate= 10 May 2008 | deadurl= no}}
92. ^{{Cite news| title = Ideals inspire medical innovator | newspaper = Bahá'í World News Service | location = Hamilton, Canada | publisher = Bahá'í International Community | date = 15 May 2003 | url = http://news.bahai.org/story/210 | accessdate = 2010-02-06}}
93. ^{{Cite journal | title = Religions ponder new efforts to "educate" for sustainable development; Snapshot of activities | journal = One County | volume = 17 | issue = 03 | page = 11 | publisher = Bahá’í International Community | date = October–December 2005 | url = http://www.onecountry.org/e173/e173fnl.pdf | issn = | doi = | id = | accessdate = 2010-02-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081121130651/http://www.onecountry.org/e173/e173fnl.pdf | archive-date = 2008-11-21 | dead-url = yes | df = }}
94. ^{{Cite web | last = Stockman | first = Robert H. | last2 = Winters | first2 = Jonah | title = VIDEOS | work = SECTION THREE: ASSORTED RESOURCE TOOLS| publisher = Bahá'í Online Academic Library | year = 1997 | url = http://bahai-library.com/books/rg/rg.videos.html | doi = | accessdate = 2010-02-06}}
95. ^{{Cite news | title = Colored ribbons, a gold mine and a path to peace | newspaper = Bahá'í World News Service | location = Orlando, Florida, United States | publisher = Bahá'í International Community | date = 10 February 2003 | url = http://news.bahai.org/story/189 | accessdate = 2010-02-06}}
96. ^{{Cite web | title = Eradicating Poverty: Moving Forward as One | work = BIC Statements | publisher = Bahá'í International Community | date = 14 February 2008 | url =http://bic.org/statements-and-reports/bic-statements/08-0214.htm | doi = | accessdate = 2010-02-06| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100128092917/http://bic.org/statements-and-reports/bic-statements/08-0214.htm| archivedate= 28 January 2010 | deadurl= no}}
97. ^Bahai.us: Prayers for Haiti {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123002935/http://www.bahai.us/Haiti_2010 |date=2010-01-23 }}. Quotation from a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to a Bahá'í family, April 14, 1932.
98. ^{{Cite news | last = Mcdermott | first = Deborah | title = Green Acre Baha'i School plans prayer gathering for Haiti | newspaper = Seacoastonline | location = | publisher = Seacoast Media Group | date = January 19, 2010 | url = http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20100119-NEWS-1190385 | accessdate = 2010-02-06}}
99. ^{{Cite newsgroup | title = Baha'is in Haiti accounted for.. | author = arthra | date = 2010-01-16 | newsgroup = | message-id = | url = http://www.interfaith.org/forum/bahais-in-haiti-accounted-for-12515.html | accessdate = 2010-02-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100606041148/http://www.interfaith.org/forum/bahais-in-haiti-accounted-for-12515.html | archive-date = 2010-06-06 | dead-url = yes | df = }}
100. ^{{Cite web | last = Thimm | first = Hans J. | title = Anís Zunúzí Bahá'í School | work = Facebook Page | year = 2010 | url =http://www.facebook.com/group.php?v=wall&gid=155485740573 | accessdate = 2010-02-06}}
101. ^{{Cite web|title=Letter From Haiti |work=New Events and Updates |publisher=Mona Foundation |date=January 20, 2010 |url=http://www.monafoundation.org/news-events.htm |accessdate=2010-02-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122100830/http://www.monafoundation.org/news-events.htm |archivedate=22 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
102. ^{{Cite news | title = Amid wreckage in Haiti, new birth brings hope | newspaper = Bahá'í World News Service | location = | publisher = Bahá'i International Community | date = 5 February 2010 | url = http://news.bahai.org/story/755 | accessdate = 2010-02-06}}
103. ^{{Cite book | contribution = Population, ménages et familles | contribution-url = http://www.ihsi.ht/pdf/ecvh/ECVHVolumeI/Population.pdf | title = Enquête sur les conditions de vie en Haïti, Volume I (Juillet 2003) | publisher = Institut Haïtien de statistique et d'informatique | year = 2003 |page=76 (table 2.2.4.2) | url = http://www.ihsi.ht/produit_enq_nat_ecvh.html | isbn = }}

External links

  • Haitian Bahá'í National Community
  • Anís Zunúzí Bahá'í School at Facebook
{{Latin America and the Caribbean topic|Bahá'í Faith in}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Baha'i Faith in Haiti}}

3 : Religion in Haiti|Bahá'í Faith by country|Bahá'í Faith in the Caribbean
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/20 8:41:18