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词条 Gutka
释义

  1. Characteristics

  2. Effects

  3. Usage

     India  Advertising 

  4. Notes

  5. References

  6. External links

{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}Gutka or guṭkha is a chewing tobacco preparation made of crushed areca nut, tobacco, catechu, paraffin wax, slaked lime and sweet or savory flavorings, commonly used in some parts of India.[1] It contains carcinogens, is considered responsible for oral cancer and other severe negative health effects and hence is subjected in India to the same restrictions and warnings as cigarettes.[1][2]

Gutka is manufactured in the sub-continent and exported to a few other countries including United States, often marketed under the guise of a "safer" product than cigarettes and tobacco. A mild stimulant, it is sold across South Asia in small, individual-sized packets that cost between 2 and 10 rupees per packet.[3] It is widely consumed in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Madhesh region of Nepal. Gutka is consumed by placing a pinch of it between the gum and cheek and gently sucking and chewing, similar to chewing tobacco.[4] As with paan and other smokeless tobacco products, there are preventive efforts to encourage users to quit and young people not to start.

Characteristics

Gutka is a powdery, granular, light brownish to white substance. Within moments of chewing mixing with saliva, the gutkha begins to dissolve and turn deep red in color. It may impart upon its user a "buzz" somewhat more intense than that of tobacco chewing, snuffing and smoking. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Effects

{{refimprove section|date=June 2017}}

Highly addictive and a known carcinogen, gutkha is the subject of much controversy in India. Many states have sought to curb its immense popularity by taxing sales of gutkha heavily or by banning it outright.[5]

Excessive gutkha use can eventually lead to loss of appetite, promote unusual sleep patterns, and loss of concentration along with other tobacco-related problems.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} A gutkha user can easily be identified by prominently stained teeth ranging from yellowish-orange to reddish-black. The stains are difficult to remove by normal brushing and usually need the attention of a dentist {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}. After gutkha is consumed, it is generally spat onto a wall or at the ground, causing a red stain that is quite resistant to the elements. Some building owners have taken to combating this by painting murals of gods on their walls, with the idea that gutkha chewers would not spit on a god.[6]

Gutka is a combination of arecanut, slaked lime, paraffin and catechu along with tobacco. Promoted as a mouth freshener, this mixture is a combination of 4,000 chemicals of which at least 40 are carcinogenic compounds, say doctors.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}

People get addicted to it as gutka is reported to have stimulant and relaxation effects. While most consumers believe that the blend is not harmful, doctors, especially oncologists, say consumption of gutka is more harmful than any other form of tobacco.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}

This is because when a person chews gutka, the mixture directly enters the system through the oral cavity. In the case of smoking, 20% of the harmful chemicals reach the lungs and 80% is exhaled.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}

While narrowing of the blood vessels can cause gangrene, stoppage of blood supply in extreme cases can cause stroke. In women, consumption of gutka during pregnancy can result in low birth weight babies, he says.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}

“Overall, people can develop cancers of mouth, throat, lung and oesophagus; heart disease and related ailments. While most youngsters get easily addicted to it, women are in the habit of chewing tobacco or even inhaling snuff, which is even more harmful,”[7]

Usage

Gutkha use can begin at a very young age. Due to its often flavourful taste, easy availability and low price, it is popular with poor children, who can exhibit precancerous lesions at a very early age as a result. Symptoms of cancer often appear by high school or college age{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}. Social custom does not permit children in India to smoke cigarettes, so gutkha use, being all but invisible to others, is the method of choice. Gutkha is also used by many as an alternative to cigarettes and is claimed to curb the need to smoke, but eventually becomes another habit tough to quit. Gutkha also causes swallowing problems during night time sleeping leading to dry throat and restless sleep. This may eventually lead to throat cancer in users.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}.

In 2008, about 5 million children under 15 were addicted to gutkha{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}. A survey in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh found precursors of mouth cancers in 16% of the children.[8]

[9][10] According to the 2009-2010 survey by Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 53.5% of Indians use tobacco products (66.2% of men and 40% of women). Tobacco and gutka chewing makes up the majority of those figures with 48.07% of Indians using them, while bidi and cigarette smokers make up 8.4% and 5.9% of the population respectively.[11]

India

Many states of India have banned the sale, manufacture, distribution and storage of gutka and all its variants. As of May 2013, gutka is banned in 24 states and 3 union territories.[12] The federal Food Safety and Regulation (Prohibition) Act 2011 allows harmful products such as gutka to be banned for a year. This can be renewed annually, resulting in a permanent ban. The ban is enforced by the state public health ministry, the state Food and Drug Administration, and the local police.[13] Enforcement of the law is generally lax and many shops still sell gutka, although it may not be displayed.[14][15][16][17][18] Enforcemnent is stricter in some regions like Mumbai and Delhi, but illegal sale of gutka still occurs.[19]

Offenders can be fined or receive prison sentences.[20] The law has provisions of imposing fines up to 25,000 Indian rupees on the sale of products that are injurious to health.[21]

State Date of ban RemarksRef.
Andaman and Nicobar 1 November 2012 [22]
Andhra Pradesh 9 January 2013 [23]
Arunachal Pradesh [24]
Assam [25][26]
Bihar 30 May 2012[27] The law was upheld by the Patna High Court.[28]
Chandigarh [29]
Chhattisgarh 24 July 2012 [30]
Delhi 11 September 2012 On 12 October 2012, the Delhi High Court refused to lift ban in response to a plea by a city-based gutka manufacturer.[31][32][33][34]
Goa 2 October 2005 [35]
Gujarat 11 September 2012[36][37] 100% export-oriented units are exempt from the ban.[38]
Himachal Pradesh 13 July 2012 [39]
Haryana 15 August 2012 [40]
Jharkhand 24 July 2012 [41][42]
Kerala 25 May 2012[43] On 2 August 2012, Kerala High Court declined to stay the ban.[44]
Karnataka 31 May 2013 [45]
Madhya Pradesh 1 April 2012[46] The law was upheld by the Madhya Pradesh High Court.[47]
Maharashtra 20 July 2012[48] Previous bans on gutka on 1 August 2002 and again in 2008 were overturned by the Supreme Court on the grounds of unfair trade practice.[49][50] The most recent ban was upheld by the Bombay High Court on 15 September 2012.[51]
Manipur [24][52]
Mizoram 2012 [53][54][55][56]
Nagaland [29]
Odisha 1 January 2013[57][58][59]
Punjab 26 August 2012 [60]
Rajasthan 18 July 2012 [61][62]
Sikkim 17 September 2012 [63]
Tamil Nadu 8 May 2013 [64]
Uttar Pradesh 1 April 2013 [65]
Uttarakhand 1 January 2013 [66]
West Bengal 1 May 2013 [67][68]

Research firm Edelweiss estimates the gutka ban will cause the industry 15-20 billion rupees in losses.[69]

Advertising

Like alcohol and tobacco products, there is a ban on advertisement of gutka. Often tobacco companies advertise gutka as pan masala in order to skirt the ban on advertising tobacco products. Surrogate advertisements often use pan masala ads to promote gutka products with similar name and packaging.[70]

According to the Food Safety and Standards (Prohibition and Restriction on Sales) Regulations, 2011 of the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, misleading advertisement of such products invites a fine of 1,000,000 rupees.[71]

Notes

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.cpaaindia.org/activities/projects.htm#gutkha|title=CPAA: Quit Smoking Campaign, Anti Tobacco & Quit Smoking Campaign|publisher=|accessdate=30 May 2015}}
2. ^{{cite news |last1=Ananth |first1=Venkar |title=Thank you for smoking: A brief history of tobacco warning labels |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ZNFwGtWis70q2eYpUl9l1L/Thank-you-for-smoking-A-brief-history-of-tobacco-warning-la.html |accessdate=5 October 2018 |publisher=Live Mint |date=1 April 2015}}
3. ^{{cite web |last1=Shaukat |first1=Mohammed |title=Tobacco control in India - achievements and remaining challenges |url=http://www.searo.who.int/entity/noncommunicable_diseases/events/ncd-bengaluru-tobacco-control-india.pdf?ua=1 |website=WHO |publisher=Ministry of health and family welfare |accessdate=5 October 2018}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/smokeless/betel_quid/|title=CDC - Fact Sheet - Betel Quid with Tobacco (Gutka) - Smoking & Tobacco Use|work=Smoking and Tobacco Use|accessdate=30 May 2015}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/MP-becomes-1st-state-to-ban-Gutka-products-containing-tobacco/Article1-834532.aspx |title=MP becomes 1st state to ban Gutka products containing tobacco |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 April 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905050300/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/MP-becomes-1st-state-to-ban-Gutka-products-containing-tobacco/Article1-834532.aspx |archivedate=5 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
6. ^{{cite news|last=Bhattasali |first=Amitabha |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-15837262 |title=Scheme to save Calcutta's Howrah Bridge from spit |publisher=BBC News |date=23 November 2011 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
7. ^http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/gutka-more-harmful-than-other-forms-of-tobacco/article4769653.ece
8. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-17/lucknow/27782855_1_gutka-tobacco-incidence-of-oral-cancer |title=Kids getting addicted to tobacco |work=The Times of India|date=17 January 2008 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
9. ^{{cite news|author=Waldman, Amy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/13/world/sweet-but-deadly-addiction-is-seizing-the-young-in-india.html |title=Sweet But Deadly addiction is seizing the young in India |work=The New York Times|date=13 August 2002 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cigarette-store.org/info/harmful-effects-of-chewing-tobacco-gutkha |title=Harmful effects of chewing tobacco: Gutkha |publisher=Cigarette-store.org |accessdate=16 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521143112/http://www.cigarette-store.org/info/harmful-effects-of-chewing-tobacco-gutkha |archivedate=21 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Patna/Use-of-tobacco-products-to-invite-deterrent-tax-Modi/Article1-952810.aspx |title=Use of tobacco products to invite deterrent tax: Modi |work=Hindustan Times |date=31 October 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818084346/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/patna/Use-of-tobacco-products-to-invite-deterrent-tax-Modi/Article1-952810.aspx |archivedate=18 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_cancer-centres-urge-pm-to-ban-gutka-across-india_1767377 |title=Cancer centres urge PM to ban gutka across India |publisher=DNA India |date=21 November 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/mumbai/32662776_1_paan-masala-gutka-magnesium-carbonate |title=Govt to file caveat in HC today on gutka, paan masala ban |work=The Times of India|date=13 July 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/why-the-gutka-ban-in-maharashtra-wont-work-376475.html|title=Why the gutka ban in Maharashtra won’t work|date=13 July 2012}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article3535702.ece|title=Sale of pan masala thriving |date=16 June 2012 | location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|first=M. P.|last=Praveen}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/patna/32298406_1_paan-masala-gutka-tobacco-products|title=What ban? Gutka still sells|date=18 June 2012 | work=The Times of India}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-20/patna/36445192_1_tobacco-control-voice-of-tobacco-victims-gutka-ban |title=Gutka ban not satisfactory, admits minister |work=The Times of India|date=20 January 2013 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-29/bhubaneswar/36614819_1_ban-gutka-gutka-and-paan-masala-tobacco-products |title=Gutka continues to rustle undercover despite ban |work=The Times of India|date=29 January 2013 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/indians-want-their-fixgutkhapan-masala-despite-ban/486544/ |title=Indians want their fix of gutkha & pan masala despite ban |work=Business Standard|date=16 September 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
20. ^{{cite news|author=Masand, Pratibha |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/mumbai/32663143_1_paan-masala-ban-implementation-fda-commissioner-mahesh-zagade |title=Ban implementation may take few weeks |work=The Times of India|date=13 July 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://hillpost.in/2012/07/13/himachal-bans-sale-of-gutka-pan-masala-masheri-khaini/46753/latest-news/ravinder |title=Himachal bans sale of Gutka, Pan Masala, Masheri & Khaini |work=Hill Post|date=13 July 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/2012/10/02/administration-imposes-complete-ban-on-gutka/ |title=Administration imposes complete ban on ‘gutka’ |publisher=Andaman Sheekha |date=1 November 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130110/news-current-affairs/article/andhra-pradesh-orders-ban-manufacture-sale-gutka |title=Andhra Pradesh orders ban on manufacture, sale of gutka |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 January 2013 |accessdate=16 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114022421/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130110/news-current-affairs/article/andhra-pradesh-orders-ban-manufacture-sale-gutka |archivedate=14 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
24. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-23/india/38762557_1_pan-masala-tobacco-products-population-based-cancer-registry |title=Tripura, Meghalaya to ban gutka, pan masala |work=The Times of India|date=23 April 2013 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
25. ^{{cite news|author=Singh, Bikash |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-08/news/37561579_1_pan-masala-tobacco-and-nicotine-gutka |title=Gutka, pan masala containing tobacco and nicotine banned in Assam |work=Economic Times|date=8 March 2013 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/assam-govt-imposes-ban-on-gutkha/1085431/ |title=Assam govt imposes ban on gutkha |work=Indian Express|date=9 March 2013 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
27. ^{{cite news|author=Bhatia, Banjot Kaur |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/patna/31920287_1_pan-masala-global-adult-tobacco-survey-world-no-tobacco-day |title=World No Tobacco Day: Bihar govt bans gutkha, pan masala for 1 year |work=The Times of India|date=31 May 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
28. ^[https://archive.is/20130122154714/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/up-stand-on-gutkha-ban-contrary-to-earlier-assurance-hc/1001455/]
29. ^1 {{cite web|url= http://www.kashmirtimes.com/newsdet.aspx?q=11857 |title=PIL seeks ban on tobacco, gutka in J&K |work=Kashmir Times |accessdate=12 February 2013}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/the-government-of-chhattisgarh-banned-gutka-and-pan-masala-1343382702-1 |title=The Government of Chhattisgarh banned Gutka and Pan Masala |publisher=Jagran Josh |date=27 July 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-13/delhi/34430495_1_gutka-ban-gutka-products-delhi-high-court |title=HC refuses to lift gutka ban |work=The Times of India|date=13 October 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
32. ^{{cite news|author=Perappadan, Bindu Shajan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article3884583.ece |title=Delhi decides to ban gutka |work=The Hindu|date=11 September 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-bans-gutka-following-high-court-orders/290635-3-244.html |title=Delhi bans gutka following High Court orders |publisher=IBN Live |date=11 September 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
34. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-11/delhi/33762330_1_tobacco-products-gutka-products-sale-and-production |title=Delhi government slaps ban on all gutka products |work=The Times of India|date=11 September 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
35. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-09-27/news/27502007_1_gutka-food-products-ban |title=Goa to ban gutka consumption |work=Economic Times|date=27 September 2005 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gutka-to-be-banned-in-gujarat-from-september-11-narendra-modi/988726/ |title=Gutka to be banned in Gujarat from 11 September: Narendra Modi |work=Indian Express|date=15 August 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
37. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/health/policy-and-issues/article3775436.ece |title=Gutka to be banned in Gujarat from 11 Sept.: Modi |work=The Hindu|date=15 August 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/gutkha-ban-lone-unit-exempted/1009027/0 |title=Gutkha ban: Lone unit exempted |publisher=Financial Express |date=28 September 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514060207/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/gutkha-ban-lone-unit-exempted/1009027/0 |archivedate=14 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/himachal-pradesh/himachal-govt-bans-gutka-pan-masala-products_787358.html |title=Himachal govt bans Gutka, pan masala products |publisher=Zee News |date=13 July 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
40. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-13/chandigarh/33181467_1_ban-on-hookah-bars-hookah-and-tobacco-haryana-government |title=Haryana to ban food items having tobacco |work=The Times of India|date=13 August 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=250390903 |title=Jharkhand bans production, sale of gutka/panmasala |publisher=MSN News |date=25 July 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jharkhand-bans-sale-manufacturing-of-gutka-389468.html|title=Jharkhand bans sale, manufacturing of gutka|work=Firstpost|accessdate=30 May 2015}}
43. ^{{cite news|author=Mathew, Roy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article3455962.ece |title=Kerala bans pan masala and its variants |work=The Hindu|date=25 May 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}
44. ^{{cite news| url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/kerala/hc-refuses-to-stay-ban-on-pan-masala_791249.html |title=HC refuses to stay ban on pan masala | date= 2 August 2012}}
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62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/rajasthan-government-decides-to-ban-gutkha-17044.html |title=Rajasthan government decides to ban Gutkha |publisher=India TV News |date=18 July 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
63. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/sikkim-bans-gutkha |title=Sikkim bans gutkha |work=DownToEarth |accessdate=12 February 2013}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/tn-bans-pan-masala-gutka/article4695155.ece |title=TN bans pan masala, gutka |work=The Hindu|date=8 May 2013 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
65. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-04/lucknow/34259483_1_ban-gutka-gutka-and-pan-masala-tobacco-and-nicotine |title=After HC order, UP to ban gutka from April 1 next year, 2013 |work=The Times of India|date=4 October 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
66. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/uttarakhand-gutka-ban-now-from-january-1/article4018117.ece |title=Uttarakhand gutka ban now from January 1 |work=The Hindu|date=21 October 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}
67. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-25/kolkata/38816134_1_pan-masala-gutka-10-tax-hike |title=Finally, state orders ban on gutka |work=The Times of India|date=25 April 2013 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
68. ^http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/go/cfs146.pdf
69. ^{{cite news|author=Chandramouli, Rajesh |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-14/chennai/33842950_1_gutka-ban-gutkha-tobacco |title=Gutka ban loss could be Rs 1500 - Rs 2000 crores |work=The Times of India|date=14 September 2012 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}
70. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/258543/ban-surrogate-advertisements-tobacco-products.html|title=‘Ban surrogate advertisements of tobacco products’|date=20 June 2012}}
71. ^{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/bhubaneswar/36373255_1_gutka-and-paan-masala-sale-and-advertisement-anti-tobacco | work=The Times of India | title=No relaxation on gutka ban - The Times of India}}

References

  • Javed F, Altamash M, Klinge B, Engström PE. (2008). Periodontal conditions and oral symptoms in gutka-chewers with and without type 2 diabetes. Acta Odontol Scand; 66(5):268-73.
  • Javed F, Chotai M, Mehmood A, Almas K. Oral mucosal disorders associated with habitual gutka usage. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;109:857-64.
  • Javed F, Bello Correa FO, Chotai M, Tappuni AR, Almas K. Systemic conditions associated with areca nut usage: A literature review. Scand J Public Health 2010; 38: 838–44.

External links

  • [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/13/international/asia/13INDI.html?todaysheadlines Sweet but Deadly Addiction is Seizing the Young in India], The New York Times, 13 August 2002
  • Chewing tobacco cancer warning, BBC News, 26 July 1999
  • Health: Children Buy Cancerous Sweets, BBC News, 3 March 1999
  • Anti Gutkha Campaign, Cancer Patients Aid Association

6 : Chewing tobacco brands|Tobacco in India|Tobacco in Pakistan|Herbal and fungal stimulants|Desi culture|Masticatories
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