| 词条 | Guyanese Creole | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Guyanese Creole |states=Guyana |speakers=650,000 in Guyana |date=no date |ref=e10 |speakers2=50,000 in Suriname (1986)[1] |familycolor=Creole |fam1=English Creole |fam2=Atlantic |fam3=Eastern |fam4=Southern |notice=IPA |iso3=gyn |glotto=creo1235 |glottorefname=Guyanese Creole English |lingua=52-ABB-av }}{{English language}} Guyanese Creole (Creolese by its speakers, or simply Guyanese) is an English-based creole language spoken by people in Guyana. Linguistically, it is similar to other English dialects of the Caribbean region, based on 19th-century English, and has loan words from African, East Indian, Arawakan, and older Dutch languages. Varieties and influencesThere are many sub-dialects of Guyanese Creole based on geographical location, urban - rural location, and race of the speakers. For example, along the Rupununi River, where the population is largely Amerindian, a distinct form of Guyanese Creole exists. The Georgetown (capital city) urban area has a distinct accent, while within a forty-five-minute drive away from this area the dialect/accent changes again, especially if following the coast where rural villages are located. As with other Caribbean languages, words and phrases are very elastic, and new ones can be made up, changed or evolve within a short period. They can also be used within a very small group, until picked up by a larger community. Ethnic groups are also known to alter or include words from their own backgrounds. A socially stratified creole speech continuum also exists between Guyanese English and Standard / British English. Speech by members of the upper classes is phonetically closest to British and American English, whereas speech by members of the lower classes most closely resembles other Caribbean English dialects. A phrase such as "I told him" may be pronounced in various parts of the continuum:
GrammarIt is common in Guyanese Creole to repeat adjectives and adverbs for emphasis (the equivalent of adding "very" or "extremely" in standard British and American English). For example, "Dis wata de col col" translates into "This water is very cold". "Come now now" translates into "Come right now." There is also a tendency among older speakers toward replacing "-er" and its corresponding sound with "-a"; for example, "computer" becomes "computa" and "river" becomes "riva". Various items and actions have also been given their own names that either vaguely resemble or reflect corruptions of their names in standard English. Sample words and phrasesThe following phrases are written as they are pronounced:
Notes1. ^{{e18|gyn|Guyanese Creole English}} 2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Escure|1999|p=166}} 3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Gibson|1986|p=572}} 4. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Gibson|1988|p=195}} 5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bickerton|1973|p=649}} 6. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Gibson|1986|p=571}} 7. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bickerton|1973|p=666}} 8. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Edwards|1989|p=225}} References
|last=Bickerton |first=Derek |authorlink=Derek Bickerton |year=1973 |title=The nature of a creole continuum |journal=Language |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=640–669 |doi=10.2307/412355 }}
|last=Edwards |first=Walter |year=1989 |title=Suurin, koocharin, and grannin in Guyana: Masked intentions and communication theory |journal=American Speech |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=225–232 |doi=10.2307/455590 }}
|last=Escure |first=Geneviève |year=1999 |title=The pragmaticization of past in creoles |journal=American Speech |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=165–202 |jstor=455577 }}
|last=Gibson |first=Kean |year=1986 |title=The ordering of auxiliary notions in Guyanese Creole |journal=Language |issue=3 |pages=571–586 |doi=10.2307/415478 |volume=62 }}
|last=Gibson |first=Kean |year=1988 |title=The habitual category in Guyanese and Jamaican creoles |journal=American Speech |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=195–202 |doi=10.2307/454817 }} External links
5 : Analytic languages|English-based pidgins and creoles|Isolating languages|Languages of Guyana|Languages of the African diaspora |
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