| 词条 | Balkan Romani | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Balkan Romani | nativename = | states = Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia, Russia, Serbia, Croatia, Turkey | ethnicity = Romani, Jerlídes (Macedonia, southern Serbia). | speakers = 563,670 | ref = e19 | date = 2013 | speakers2 = 200,000 L2 speakers | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = Indo-Iranian | fam3 = Indo-Aryan | fam4 = Western Zone | fam5 = Romani | dia1 = Arli, Dzambazi, East Bulgarian Romani, Greek Romani, Ironworker Romani, Paspatian, Tinners Romani, Ursári (Erli, Usari), Lovari | nation = | iso3 = rmn | map = Romany dialects Balkan.svg | glotto = balk1252 | glottorefname = Balkan Romani }}Balkan Romani (also known as Balkan Gypsy) is a specific dialect, spoken by groups within the Balkans, which include countries such as Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey,Romania etc. The Balkan Romani language is typically an oral language. This dialect is endangered because, not only is it looked down upon by other Europeans, but it only has about 763,670 speakers left in the world.[1] ClassificationIndo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Romani, Balkan HistoryMost of the people who speak Balkan Romani are Romani themselves. Another meaning of the prefix rom is someone belonging to the Romani ethnicity.[1] The Romani people are ultimately of Indian origin.[2] Speakers of the Balkan Romani language have constantly migrated throughout the years into all parts of Europe. Since these speakers have migrated to different parts of Europe, new dialects have formed. Although the Romani people originated in India, they are now widespread throughout all of Europe.[3] DialectsBalkan dialects, also known as Balkan I, are spoken in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Iran, Kosovo, Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine. This group includes inter alia Arli Romani (Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia), Sepečides-Romani (Greece, Turkey), Ursari Romani (Moldavia, Romania) and Crimean Romani (Ukraine). Zis dialects, also called Balkan II, are a distinct subdivision within the Balkan group. Bugurdži, Drindari and Kalajdži Romani are spoken in Macedonia, Kosovo and in northern and central Bulgaria. Elšík uses this classification and dialect examples (geographical information from Matras ): Geographical distribution
PhonologyThe sound inventory of Romani does not differ significantly from that of other European languages, most of which belong to the Indo-European family. The consonant system of Balkan Romani differs in one significant aspect from those of other European languages: it has the aspirated plosives (aspirated stops) characteristic of Indian languages. In the case of Romani, these are the voiceless aspirated plosives /ph, th, kh/, which in the majority of Romani variants, at least at the beginning of a word, have a semantically distinct function. Sample
Vocabulary and lexisTurkish lexical influence is a defining and extremely important part of the Romani dialect in the Balkans. Most of the words however, originate from Persian origin. Loans from Persian, Armenian, and Byzantine Greek make up the pre-European lexicon. Ultimately, it is hard to trace the definite origin of all the words because the words of Balkan Romani originate from many sources and the sources of those languages creates a complex puzzle.[7] GrammarTurkish grammar plays a large role in Balkan Romani. The use of Turkish conjugations is widely embedded within Balkan Romani and oftentimes, it is difficult to tell the difference between the grammar of the two languages depending on geography. Balkan Romani has compartmentalized grammar[8] originating from Turkish verbal paradigms along with some Greek influence.[9] Much of the morphology of the language has Greek and Turkish origins, which is why the language is viewed by many professionals as a "mixed" language and thus it is hard to see where one language ends and the other begins. All Romani dialects use Greek derived nominal endings, masculine nouns and loan nouns.[10] MorphologyThe morphology of the Balkan Romani language is again heavily influenced by both the Turkish and Greek languages. Many people view this language as a sort of melting pot because there are so many different influences on it. Turkish and Greek might be the most influential languages on Balkan Romani but other languages, such as Armenian, have also influenced it. Part of the substrate of Balkan Romani appears to be derived from medieval northern Indian languages.[11] Writing systemsBalkan Romani has traditionally been an oral language, but recently, there is a growing amount of effort to decode and standardize the language. Balkan Romani written with Cyrillic script. Alphabet:
Romani Alphabet: Used in most Romani communities.
References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6rTEBgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=balkan+romani+language&ots=Rcne6OiyBZ&sig=rMGF-bfpsYneiDzP3Ts8uczqIQk#v=onepage&q=balkan+romani+language&f=false|title=Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora|first=Carol|last=Silverman|date=14 February 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=15 December 2017|via=Google Books}} 2. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.lit.auth.gr/sites/default/files/documents/b.joseph_balkan_languages.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics|title=THE BALKAN LANGUAGES|author=Brian D. Joseph|location=The Ohio State University|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=1|pages=153-155|date=2003|editor=W. Frawley}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DdBBAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=balkan+romani+language&ots=B2mV-3_sg&sig=uLUJqgvrPt33kmnoBJZDEeznQTs#v=onepage&q=balkan+romani+language&f=false|title=Romani in Contact: The history, structure and sociology of a language|first=Yaron|last=Matras|date=1 June 1995|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|accessdate=15 December 2017|via=Google Books}} 4. ^Ventcel’, Tat’jana V. & Lev N. Čerenkov. 1976. “Dialekty cyganskogojazyka”. Jazyki Azii i Afriki I, 283-332. Moskva: Nauka. 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/512682/Rumelia|title=Rumelia - historical area, Europe|website=Britannica.com|accessdate=15 December 2017}} 6. ^"Romani Dialects". ROMLEX. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz.Romani.uni-graz.at 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://mahimahi.uchicago.edu/media/faculty/vfriedm/058Friedman90.pdf|format=PDF|title=100 Years of Gypsy Studies|website=Mahimahi.uchicago.edu|accessdate=15 December 2017}} 8. ^{{cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/509385|title=Compartmentalized grammar: The variable (non)-integration of Turkish verbal conjugation in Romani dialects|first=Victor A.|last=Friedman|date=6 June 2013|publisher=|journal=Romani Studies|volume=23|issue=1|pages=107–120|accessdate=15 December 2017|via=Project MUSE}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://mahimahi.uchicago.edu/media/faculty/vfriedm/230Friedman10.pdf|format=PDF|title=The Banff Papers|website=Mahimahi.uchicago.edu|accessdate=15 December 2017}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5i7nBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA70&lpg=PA70&dq=compartmentalized+balkan+romani&source=bl&ots=BRGumPSx6E&sig=8eOSiPKKVTdM8R4Cc7pK6YCWGOw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwii8rKzj7zMAhUBVh4KHfeACvcQ6AEIRTAI#v=onepage&q=compartmentalized+balkan+romani&f=false|title=Borrowed Morphology|first1=Francesco|last1=Gardani|first2=Peter|last2=Arkadiev|first3=Nino|last3=Amiridze|date=11 December 2014|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|accessdate=15 December 2017|via=Google Books}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uJQe0oj76sQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=balkan+romani+language&ots=gRqsviakh7&sig=WEY2eXsiplr2jZYK04KP88G29qc#v=onepage&q=balkan+romani+language&f=false|title=The Typology and Dialectology of Romani|first1=Yaron|last1=Matras|first2=Peter|last2=Bakker|first3=Khristo|last3=Ki?u?chukov|date=1 January 1997|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|accessdate=15 December 2017|via=Google Books}} External links{{Incubator|code=rmn}}
3 : Romani in Europe|Dialects of Romani|Languages of the Balkans |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。