“Balloon tank”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A balloon tank is a style of propellant tank used in the Atlas ICBM and Centaur upper stage that does not use an internal framework, but instead relies on a constant internal pressurization to keep its shape.

One disadvantage of balloon tanks is that if pressurisation fails, the vehicle collapses.

Design

Balloon tanks get their name from the cylindrical party balloons which inspired Karel Bossart, who designed both the Atlas and Centaur rockets for the U.S. Air Force and NASA. Constructed of very thin (between 0.1 and 0.4 inch) {{Citation needed|date = May 2016|reason = how thin?}} stainless steel, prior to integration into the Atlas or Centaur rocket body the tanks are inflated with nitrogen to give them their shape and strength. As such, balloon tanks must always remain pressurized, as any appreciable drop in pressurization will result in failure. However, the airframes could be handled without tank pressurization through the use of a "stretch" mechanism (which basically helped support vehicle weight and prevented collapse). By contrast, non-balloon tanks in other liquid-propelled rockets remain rigid while empty due to an internal framework, although they do also depend on internal pressurization to support thrust and launch loads.^[1]

History

The use of balloon tanks in the Atlas ICBM was the brainchild of rocket designer Karel Bossart. Instead of the traditional internal framework used on the rockets available at that time (especially the Redstone SRBM, a direct descendant of the V-2 rocket), the Atlas ICBM designers used the balloon tank concept to lighten the rocket enough to hurl up to a 3.75 megaton thermonuclear warhead at a target in the Soviet Union from a launch pad in continental USA. This tank technology made feasible a relatively simple stage-and-a-half design for Atlas instead of the more complicated staging used in later Titan ICBMs.

After its initial development in the Atlas rocket, Bossart used the same technology with the high-energy Centaur upper stage. The Centaur rocket, fueled with liquid hydrogen and powered by an RL10 engine, was originally planned to be used with the Saturn V rocket for high-energy missions to the Solar System, but was later adapted for use as part of the Atlas and Titan rockets.

In May 1963 at Vandenberg Air Force Base an Atlas/Agena vehicle under static testing suffered a pressurisation failure leading to the total collapse of the vehicle and a KH-7 spy satellite. The Agena however, repaired and used for later flight.^[2]

With the introduction of the Atlas V EELV, balloon tanks and half-staging are no longer used on the Atlas rocket. Centaur, however, retains this feature and it has not undergone a single catastrophic failure since the Atlas V's first flight.

References

1. ^{{cite book |last1=Stiennon |first1=Patrick J. G. |last2=Hoerr |first2=David M. |date=Jul 15, 2005 |title=The Rocket Company |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |page=93 |isbn=1-56347-696-7}}
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