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词条 Ballymurphy massacre
释义

  1. Timeline

  2. See also

  3. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}{{Use British English|date=December 2012}}{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Ballymurphy Massacre
| partof = the Troubles
| image = BallymurphyMassacre.jpg
| caption = A mural in Belfast commemorating the victims of the Ballymurphy Massacre.
| location = Belfast, Northern Ireland
| coordinates = {{coord|54.575|-5.974|type:event_region:GB|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| map = {{Location map | Northern Ireland
| relief = yes
| width = 250
| lat = 54.575
| long = -5.974
| marksize = 5
| caption =
}}
| date = 9 – 11 August 1971
| time =
| timezone =
| type = Mass shooting
| weapons =
| fatalities = 11
| perp = The Parachute Regiment, British Army}}

The Ballymurphy Massacre was a series of incidents between 9 and 11 August 1971, in which the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment of the British Army killed eleven civilians in Ballymurphy, Belfast, Northern Ireland, as part of Operation Demetrius. The shootings were later referred to as 'Belfast's Bloody Sunday', a reference to the killing of civilians by the same battalion in Derry a few months later.[1]

The Troubles had been ongoing for two years, and Belfast was particularly affected by political and sectarian violence. The British Army had been deployed in Northern Ireland in 1969, as events had got beyond the control of the Royal Ulster Constabulary.

On the morning of Monday 9 August 1971, the security forces launched Operation Demetrius. The plan was to arrest and intern anyone suspected of being a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army. The unit selected for this operation was the Parachute Regiment. Members of the Parachute Regiment stated that, as they entered the Ballymurphy area, they were shot at by republicans and returned fire.[2]

Mike Jackson, later to become head of the British Army, includes a disputed account of the shootings in his autobiography, and his then role as press officer for the British Army stationed in Belfast while the incidents happened.[3] This account states that those killed in the shootings were Republican gunmen. This claim has been strongly denied by the Catholic families of those killed in the shootings, in interviews conducted during the documentary film The Ballymurphy Precedent.[4][5]

In 2016, Sir Declan Morgan, the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, recommended an inquest into the killings as one of a series of "legacy inquests" covering 56 cases related to the Troubles.[6][7]

These inquests were delayed, for funding had not been approved by the Northern Ireland Executive. The former Stormont first minister Arlene Foster of the DUP deferred a bid for extra funding for inquests into historic killings in Northern Ireland,[8] a decision condemned by the human rights group Amnesty International.[9] Foster confirmed she had used her influence in the devolved power-sharing executive to hold back finance for a backlog of inquests connected to the conflict.[8] The High Court said "her decision to refuse to put a funding paper on the Executive basis was unlawful and procedurally flawed."[10] In January 2018, the coroner's office announced that the inquest would begin in September 2018.[11]

Timeline

Six civilians were killed on 9 August, these were:

  • Francis Quinn (19), shot while going to the aid of a wounded man.[12][13]
  • Fr. Hugh Mullan (38), a Catholic priest, shot while going to the aid of a wounded man, reputedly while waving a white cloth to indicate his intentions.[12][14][17]
  • Joan Connolly (50), shot as she stood opposite the army base. It has been claimed she was shot by three different soldiers, and that she might have survived had she been given medical attention sooner, but she lay injured in a field for several hours[12][15][16][17]
  • Daniel Teggart (44), was shot fourteen times. Most of the bullets entered his back, allegedly as he lay injured on the ground.[12][18]
  • Noel Phillips (20), shot as he stood opposite the army base.[12][19]
  • Joseph Murphy (41), shot as he stood opposite the army base.[12] Murphy was subsequently taken into army custody and after his release, as he was dying in hospital, he claimed that he had been beaten and shot again while in custody. When his body was exhumed in October 2015, a second bullet was discovered in his body, which activists said corroborated his claim.[20]

One civilian was shot on 10 August, and another four were shot on 11 August, these were:

  • Edward Doherty (28), shot while walking along Whiterock Road.[21]
  • John Laverty (20) and Joseph Corr (43) were shot at separate points at the Top of the Whiterock Road. Laverty was shot twice, once in the back and once in the back of the leg. Corr was shot several times and died of his injuries on 27 August.[12][22]
  • John McKerr (49), shot by unknown attackers while standing outside a Catholic church, died of his injuries on 20 August.[13][23][24]
  • Paddy McCarthy (44) got into a confrontation with a group of soldiers. Family allege an empty gun was put in his mouth and the trigger pulled. McCarthy suffered a heart attack and died shortly afterwards.[25][26]

In February 2015, the conviction of Terry Laverty, younger brother of John, was quashed by the Criminal Cases Review Commission.[27] He had been convicted of riotous behaviour and sentenced to six months on the eye-witness evidence of a private in the Parachute Regiment. The case was referred to court because the sole witness retracted his evidence.[28]

See also

{{Campaignbox Northern Ireland Troubles}}
  • List of massacres in Ireland
  • Operation Demetrius
  • Bloody Sunday, 1972

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/united-kingdom/belfast-bloody-sunday-inquiry-called-for-38259.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220194633/http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/united-kingdom/belfast-bloody-sunday-inquiry-called-for-38259.html |archivedate=20 February 2013 |title=Belfast 'Bloody Sunday' Inquiry Called For|author=Damian Robin |publisher=The Epoch Times |date=29 June 2010}}
2. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-12511377 |title=Ballymurphy families meet First Minister Peter Robinson |publisher=BBC News |date=18 February 2011}}
3. ^{{cite book |author=Mike Jackson |date=2007 |title=Soldier: The Autobiography |publisher=Bantam Press |isbn=978-0593059074}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/massacre-at-ballymurphy |publisher=Channel 4 |website=channel4.com |title=Massacre at Ballymurphy |date=8 September 2018 |accessdate=14 November 2018}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=https://theballymurphyprecedent.com/ |publisher=theballymurphyprecedent.com |title=The Ballymurphy Precedent - Documentary |accessdate=14 November 2018}}
6. ^{{cite news |date=18 January 2016 |last=Kearney |first=Vincent |title=The Troubles: Judge begins review of inquests |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-35327073 |work=BBC News |location=London, UK |access-date=4 May 2016 |quote=There are 56 cases involving 97 deaths. … The stalled inquests into the Army shootings of 10 people in Ballymurphy, west Belfast, in 1971, and of five more civilians in nearby Springhill a year later, were examined on the opening day in Laganside Courts.}}
7. ^{{cite news |date=12 February 2016 |title=Legacy inquests in Northern Ireland 'can be dealt with in five years' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-35562197 |work=BBC News |location=London, UK |access-date=4 May 2016 |quote=After a review of more than 50 outstanding cases it has been decided that all are suitable for inquest.}}
8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2018/03/08/arlene-foster-wrong-to-defer-bid-for-legacy-inquest-funding-says-judge-1273548/?ref=sh|title=Arlene Foster wrong to defer bid for legacy inquest funding, says judge|website=The Irish News}}
9. ^{{cite news|date=3 May 2016|last=Kearney|first=Vincent|title=Lord Chief Justice legacy inquests plan put on hold|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-36198471|work=BBC News|location=London, UK|access-date=4 May 2016|quote=A radical plan by Northern Ireland's most senior judge to deal with inquests into some of the most controversial killings of the Troubles has been put on hold.}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/arlene-foster-will-not-pay-damages-over-blocking-legacy-inquest-funding-plan-36712780.html|title=Arlene Foster will not pay damages over blocking legacy inquest funding plan|publisher=|via=www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2018/01/19/news/coroner-in-ballymurphy-shootings-inquest-appeals-for-witnesses-to-come-forward-1236730/|title=Coroner in Ballymurphy shootings' inquest appeals for witnesses to come forward|first=Michael McHugh, Press|last=Association|website=The Irish News}}
12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 CAIN - Index of Deaths (9 August 1971), caian.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 29 August 2017.
13. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/26/-sp-ballymurphy-shootings-36-hours-west-belfast-northern-ireland-10-dead|publisher=The Guardian|date=26 June 2014|title=Ballymurphy shootings: 36 hours in Belfast that left 10 dead}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://ballymurphymassacre.com/fr_hugh_mullan_10.html|title=Fr Hugh Mullan|publisher=ballymurphymassacre.com|accessdate=26 June 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619123927/http://ballymurphymassacre.com/fr_hugh_mullan_10.html|archivedate=19 June 2010|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://ballymurphymassacre.com/joan_connolly_12.html|title=Joan Connolly|publisher=ballymurphymassacre.com|accessdate=2010-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619123548/http://ballymurphymassacre.com/joan_connolly_12.html|archivedate=19 June 2010|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
16. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.joe.ie/movies-tv/channel-4-troubles-documentary-639667 | publisher = Joe.ie | title = A powerful documentary on a horrific moment during The Troubles is on TV this weekend | date = 7 September 2018 | accessdate = 14 November 2018 }}
17. ^1 {{cite web|url = https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/woman-recalls-horror-moment-discovered-13162581 | publisher = Irish Mirror | website = irishmirror.ie | title = Woman recalls horror moment she discovered British army shot her innocent mother | date = 30 August 2018 | accessdate = 14 November 2018}}
18. ^{{cite news|author= McDonald, Henry|title=Were Bloody Sunday Soldiers Involved in 'Ballymurphy Massacre'?|publisher=Guardian.co.uk|date=6 June 2010|accessdate=5 August 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jun/20/call-for-ballymurphy-massacre-inquiry}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://ballymurphymassacre.com/noel_phillips_7.html|title=Noel Phillips|publisher=ballymurphymassacre.com|accessdate=26 June 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621005258/http://ballymurphymassacre.com/noel_phillips_7.html|archivedate=21 June 2010|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/bullet-found-in-body-of-exhumed-ballymurphy-massacre-victim-1.2407886|title=Bullet found in body of exhumed Ballymurphy massacre victim|author=Gerry Moriarty|publisher=Irish Times|date=27 October 2015|accessdate=29 August 2017}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dyndeaths.pl?querytype=date&day=10&month=08&year=1971|title=CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths|first=Malcolm|last=Sutton|website=cain.ulst.ac.uk}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://ballymurphymassacre.com/joseph_corr_8.html|title=Joseph Corr|publisher=ballymurphymassacre.com|accessdate=2010-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621005003/http://ballymurphymassacre.com/joseph_corr_8.html|archivedate=21 June 2010|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
23. ^CAIN - Index of Deaths (11 August 1971), cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 29 August 2017.
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://ballymurphymassacre.com/john_kerr_16.html|title=John McKerr|publisher=ballymurphymassacre.com|accessdate=26 June 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619124000/http://ballymurphymassacre.com/john_kerr_16.html|archivedate=19 June 2010|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
25. ^CAIN - Index of Deaths - Sudden deaths due to heart problem during an incident, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 29 August 2017.
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://ballymurphymassacre.com/paddy_mccarthy_15.html|title=Paddy McCarthy|publisher=ballymurphymassacre.com|accessdate=26 June 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621005039/http://ballymurphymassacre.com/paddy_mccarthy_15.html|archivedate=21 June 2010|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
27. ^{{Cite news|title=Ballymurphy conviction: Terry Laverty cleared of rioting|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-31373774|date=10 February 2015|newspaper=BBC News Online}}
28. ^{{Cite news|title=Belfast man cleared of rioting during 1971 Ballymurphy unrest|date=10 February 2015|author=Henry McDonald|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/feb/10/belfast-man-cleared-rioting-1971-ballymurphy-unrest}}

14 : Conflicts in 1971|1971 in Northern Ireland|The Troubles in Belfast|Massacres in Northern Ireland|Massacres committed by the United Kingdom|British Army in Operation Banner|Military scandals|Mass murder in 1971|Deaths by firearm in Northern Ireland|Military actions and engagements during the Troubles (Northern Ireland)|Spree shootings in Northern Ireland|Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom|Terrorism deaths in Northern Ireland|August 1971 events
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