| 词条 | Gwanggaeto the Great |
| 释义 |
| title = Emperor Gwanggaeto the Great | image = | caption = Lee JongSang's 1977 interpretation of Emperor Gwanggaeto the Great | hangul = {{lang|ko-Hang|광개토태왕}} | hanja = {{lang|ko-Hant|廣開土太王}} | rr = Gwanggaeto-taewang | mr = Kwanggaet'o-taewang | koreanipa = {{IPA-ko|kwaŋ.ɡɛ.tʰo.dɛ.waŋ|}} | hangulborn = {{lang|ko-Hang|고담덕}} | hanjaborn = {{lang|ko-Hant|高談德}} | rrborn = Go Dam-deok | mrborn = Ko Tamdǒk | koreanipaborn = {{IPA-ko|ko.dam.dʌk̚|}} | hangulph = {{lang|ko-Hang|국강상광개토경평안호태왕}} | hanjaph = {{lang|ko-Hant|國岡上廣開土境平安好太王}} | rrph = Gukgangsang-gwanggaetogyeong-pyeongan-hotaewang | mrph = Kukkangsang-kwanggaet'ogyŏng-p'yŏngan-hot'aewang | koreanipaph = {{IPA-ko|kuk̚.k͈aŋ.saŋ.ɡwaŋ.ɡɛ.tʰo.ɡjʌŋ.pʰjʌŋ.an.ɦo.tʰɛ.waŋ|}} }}{{Goguryeo monarchs}}Gwanggaeto the Great (374–413, r. 391–413)[1] was the nineteenth monarch of Goguryeo. His full posthumous name means "Entombed in Gukgangsang, Broad Expander of Domain,[1] Peacemaker,[2] Supreme King", sometimes abbreviated to Hotaewang.[2] His era name is Yeongnak and he is occasionally recorded as Yeongnak Taewang ("Supreme King" or "Emperor" Yeongnak). Gwanggaeto's imperial reign title meant that Goguryeo was on equal standing as an empire with the imperial dynasties in China.[1][3][4] Under Gwanggaeto, Goguryeo began a golden age,[5][6][7] becoming a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia.[8][9][10][11] Gwanggaeto made enormous advances and conquests into: Western Manchuria against Khitan tribes; Inner Mongolia and the Maritime Province of Russia against numerous nations and tribes;[12][13] and the Han River valley in central Korea to control over two-thirds of the Korean peninsula.[3][4] In regard to the Korean peninsula, Gwanggaeto defeated Baekje, the then most powerful of the Three Kingdoms of Korea,[3] in 396, capturing the capital city of Wiryeseong in present-day Seoul.[14] In 399, Silla, the southeastern kingdom of Korea, sought aid from Goguryeo due to incursions by Baekje troops and their Wa allies from the Japanese archipelago.[4] Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 expeditionary troops,[15] crushing his enemies and securing Silla as a de facto protectorate;[4][16] he thus subdued the other Korean kingdoms and achieved a loose unification of the Korean peninsula under Goguryeo.[4][17][18] In his western campaigns, he defeated the Xianbei of the Later Yan empire and conquered the Liaodong peninsula,[3] regaining the ancient domain of Gojoseon.[4][19] Gwanggaeto's accomplishments are recorded on the Gwanggaeto Stele, erected in 414 at the supposed site of his tomb in Ji'an along the present-day China–North Korea border.[20] Constructed by his son and successor Jangsu, the monument to Gwanggaeto the Great is the largest engraved stele in the world.[21][22] Birth and backgroundAt the time of Gwanggaeto's birth, Goguryeo was not as powerful as it once had been. In 371, three years prior to Gwanggaeto's birth, the rival Korean kingdom of Baekje, under the great leadership of Geunchogo, soundly defeated Goguryeo, slaying the monarch Gogukwon and sacking Pyongyang.[23][24] Baekje became one of the dominant powers in East Asia. Baekje's influence was not limited to the Korean peninsula, but extended across the sea to Liaoxi and Shandong in China, taking advantage of the weakened state of Former Qin, and Kyushu in the Japanese archipelago.[25] Goguryeo was inclined to avoid conflicts with its ominous neighbor,[37] while cultivating constructive relations with the Former Qin,[26] the Xianbei, and the Rouran, in order to defend itself from future invasions and bide time to reshape its legal structure and initiate military reforms.[27] Gogukwon's successor, Sosurim, adopted a foreign policy of appeasement and reconciliation with Baekje,[28] and concentrated on domestic policies to spread Buddhism throughout Goguryeo's social and political systems.[29] Furthermore, due to the defeats that Goguryeo had suffered at the hands of the proto-Mongol Xianbei and Baekje, Sosurim instituted military reforms aimed at preventing such defeats in the future.[27] Sosurim's internal arrangements laid the groundwork for Gwanggaeto's expansion.[1] Sosurim's successor, Gogukyang, invaded Later Yan, the successor state of Former Yan, in 385 and Baekje in 386.[30][31] ReignRise to power and campaigns against BaekjeGwanggaeto succeeded his father, Gogukyang, upon his death in 391. Upon his coronation, Gwanggaeto adopted the era name Yeongnak (Eternal Rejoicing) and the title Taewang (Supreme King), which was equivalent to "emperor",[32] affirming that he was an equal to the Imperial rulers of China.[1][3][4] In 392, Gwanggaeto led an attack on Baekje with 40,000 troops, capturing 10 walled cities.[33] In response, Asin, the monarch of Baekje, launched a counterattack on Goguryeo in 393 but was defeated.[33] Despite the ongoing war, during 393, Gwanggaeto established 9 Buddhist temples in Pyongyang.[34][35] Asin invaded Goguryeo once more in 394, but was defeated again.[33] After suffering multiple defeats against Goguryeo, Baekje's political stability began to crumble.[18] In 395, Baekje was defeated once more by Goguryeo and was pushed south to its capital of Wiryeseong on the Han River.[33][36] In the following year, in 396, Gwanggaeto led an assault on Wiryeseong by land and sea, using the Han River, and triumphed over Baekje.[33] Gwanggaeto captured the Baekje capital and the defeated Asin submitted to him,[4][37] surrendering a prince and 10 government ministers.[33][38] Northern conquestsIn 395, while his campaign against Baekje was ongoing to the south, Gwanggaeto made an excursion to invade the Khitan Baili clan to the west on the Liao River,[39] destroying 3 tribes and 600 to 700 camps.[40] In 398, Gwanggaeto conquered the Sushen people to the northeast,[4] who were Tungusic ancestors of the Jurchens and Manchus.[41] In 400, while Gwanggaeto was occupied with Baekje, Gaya, and Wa troops in Silla, the Xianbei state of Later Yan, founded by the Murong clan in present-day Liaoning, attacked Goguryeo.[42] Gwanggaeto repulsed the Xianbei troops.[19][43] In 402, Gwanggaeto retaliated and conquered the prominent fortress called 宿軍城 near the capital of Later Yan.[42][44] In 405 and again in 406, Later Yan troops attacked Goguryeo fortresses in Liaodong (遼東城 in 405, and 木底城 in 406), but was defeated both times.[42] Gwanggaeto conquered all of Liaodong.[1][4] By conquering Liaodong, Gwanggaeto recovered the ancient domain of Gojoseon;[4][19] Goguryeo controlled Liaodong until the mid-late 7th century. In 407, Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 troops consisting of infantry and cavalry and won a great victory, completely annihilating the enemy troops and pillaging about 10,000 armors and countless war supplies; the opponent can be interpreted as Later Yan, Baekje, or Wa.[42][45] In 410, Gwanggaeto attacked Eastern Buyeo to the northeast.[42] Southern campaignsIn 400, Silla, another Korean kingdom in the southeast of the Korean peninsula, requested aid from Goguryeo in repelling an allied invasion by Baekje, Gaya, and Wa. Gwanggaeto dispatched 50,000 troops and annihilated the enemy coalition.[4] Thereupon, Gwanggaeto influenced Silla as a suzerain,[16] and Gaya declined and never recovered. In 402, Gwanggaeto returned Prince Silseong,[46] who had resided in Goguryeo as a political hostage since 392, back home to Silla and appointed him as the king of Silla. In 404, Gwanggaeto defeated an attack by the Wa from the Japanese archipelago on the southern border of what was once the Daifang commandery, inflicting enormous casualties on the enemy.[42][47][48] Death and legacyGwanggaeto died of an unknown illness in 413 at the age of 39. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Jangsu, who ruled Goguryeo for 79 years until the age of 98,[1] the longest reign in East Asian history.[49] Gwanggaeto's conquests are said to mark the zenith of Korean history, building and consolidating a great empire in Northeast Asia and uniting the Three Kingdoms of Korea under his influence.[4][18] Gwanggaeto conquered 64 walled cities and 1,400 villages.[1][4] Except for the period of 200 years beginning with Jangsu, who would build upon his father's domain, and the golden age of Balhae, Korea never before or since ruled such a vast territory. There is archaeological evidence that Goguryeo's maximum extent lay even further west in present-day Mongolia, based on discoveries of Goguryeo fortress ruins in Mongolia.[50][51][52] Gwanggaeto established his own era name, Yeongnak Eternal Rejoicing, proclaiming Goguryeo monarchs equal to their counterparts in the Chinese mainland.[1][3][4] Gwanggaeto the Great is one of two rulers of Korea whose names are appended with the title "the Great", with the other being Sejong the Great of Joseon, who created Hangul the Korean alphabet, to promote literacy among the common people,[53] and made great advances in science.[54][55] Gwanggaeto is regarded by Koreans as one of the greatest heroes in Korean history, and is often taken as a potent symbol of Korean nationalism. The Gwanggaeto Stele, a 6.39 meter tall monument erected by Jangsu in 414, was rediscovered in the late 19th century.[20] The stele was inscribed with information about Gwanggaeto's reign and achievements, but not all the characters and passages have been preserved. Korean and Japanese scholars disagree on the interpretation in regard to passages on the Wa. The Republic of Korea Navy operates Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyers, built by Daewoo Heavy Industries and named in honor of the monarch. A prominent statue of Gwanggaeto alongside a replica of the Gwanggaeto Stele were erected in the main street of Guri city in Gyeonggi province.[56][57] Depiction in arts and mediaFilm and television
LiteratureMany novels, comics, and games about Gwanggaeto the Great have been released in Korea.[59][60][61] GamesThe popular[62] and award-winning[63] Korean mobile game Hero for Kakao features Gwanggaeto as a playable character.[64] World Domination, a mobile game produced in collaboration with series owner Microsoft,[65] includes Gwanggaeto as a selectable hero of the Korean civilization.[66]OthersThe International Taekwon-Do Federation created a pattern, or teul, to honor Gwanggaeto the Great. The pattern's diagram represents Gwanggaeto's territorial expansion and recovery of lost territories, and the 39 movements represent the first two numbers of 391 AD, the year when Gwanggaeto came to the throne.[67] See also{{commons category|Gwanggaeto the Great}}
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maintained tributary relationship with Former Qin (351-394)}} 27. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Jinwung|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253000781|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=11 October 2016|language=en}} 28. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Middleton|first1=John|title=World Monarchies and Dynasties|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317451587|page=505|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&pg=Pg505#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=11 October 2016|language=en}} 29. ^{{cite book|last1=Kang|first1=Jae-eun|title=The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism|publisher=Homa & Sekey Books|isbn=9781931907309|pages=37–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XB4UYXNQK1wC&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=11 October 2016|language=en}} 30. ^{{cite web|title=국양왕|url=http://www.culturecontent.com/content/contentView.do?search_div=CP_THE&search_div_id=CP_THE004&cp_code=rp0703&index_id=rp07031366&content_id=rp070313660001&search_left_menu=|website=KOCCA|publisher=Korea Creative Content Agency|accessdate=11 October 2016}} 31. ^{{cite web|title=King Gogukyang|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_dynasty_detail.htm?No=10039591|website=KBS World Radio|accessdate=11 October 2016}} 32. ^{{cite journal|title=Goguryeo's Worldview and Three Kingdoms|journal=Korea Now|date=1 January 2004|volume=33|page=32|url=https://books.google.com/?id=iIi6AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Taewang+was+a+title+equivalent+to+%22emperor%22+and+referred+to+the+ruler+of+the+entire+world+of+Goguryeo.%22|accessdate=31 December 2016|language=en|quote=They called their king "taewang" ("the greatest king"). Taewang was a title equivalent to "emperor" and referred to the ruler of the entire world of Goguryeo. In short, the practice of calling their king "taewang" was based on Goguryeo's independent worldview.}} 33. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|last1=이윤섭|title=광개토대왕과 장수왕|publisher=ebookspub(이북스펍)|isbn=9791155191323 |pages=89–91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCf-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT89#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=11 October 2016|language=ko}} 34. ^{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=John Whitney|title=The Cambridge History of Japan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521223522|page=362|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3_6lp8IOK8C&q=%22At+the+very+start+of+his+illustrious+reign%2C+Kwanggaet%27o+opened+nine+Buddhist+temples.%22#v=snippet&q=%22At%20the%20very%20start%20of%20his%20illustrious%20reign%2C%20Kwanggaet%27o%20opened%20nine%20Buddhist%20temples.%22&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en|year=1988}} 35. ^{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Bu-sik|title=Samguk Sagi: Volume 18|url=https://ko.wikisource.org/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC%EA%B8%B0/%EA%B6%8C18/%EA%B4%91%EA%B0%9C%ED%86%A0%EC%99%95|accessdate=7 July 2016}} 36. ^{{cite book|last1=Yi|first1=Hyun-hui|last2=Pak|first2=Song-su|last3=Yun|first3=Nae-hyon|title=New History of Korea|date=2005|publisher=Jimoondang|location=Seoul|isbn=978-8988095850|page=170}} 37. ^Jeon ho-tae, 〈Koguryo, the origin of Korean power & pride〉, Dongbuka History Foundation, 2007. {{ISBN|8991448836}} p.137 38. ^{{cite journal|last1=Institute of Korean Studies|last2=Seoul National University|title=Korean studies|journal=Seoul Journal of Korean Studies|date=2004|issue=17|pages=15–16}} 39. ^{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Biography: Kilpatrick-Louis|editor1-first=Suzanne Michele|editor1-last=Bourgoin|publisher=Gale Research|year=1998|title=Kwanggaet'o|page=94}} 40. ^{{cite book|last1=Holcombe|first1=Charles|title=The Genesis of East Asia : 221 B.C. - A.D. 907|date=2001|publisher=Associate for Asian Studies [u.a.]|location=Honolulu|isbn=9780824824655|page=174|url=https://books.google.com/?id=XT5pvPZ4vroC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q=three%20tribes&f=false|accessdate=17 June 2016}} 41. ^{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=Hugh Dyson|title=East Asia: A New History|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477265161|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Z3a0NU4RHMC&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en|quote=He also conquered Sushen tribes in the northeast, Tungusic ancestors of the Jurcid and Manchus who later ruled Chinese "barbarian conquest dynasties" during the twelfth and seventeenth centuries.|date=November 2012}} 42. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|last1=이윤섭|title=광개토대왕과 장수왕|publisher=ebookspub(이북스펍)|isbn=9791155191323 |pages=93–95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCf-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT93#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=11 October 2016|language=ko|date=2014-03-07}} 43. ^{{cite web|title=King Gwanggaeto the Great (2)|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_dynasty_detail.htm?lang=e¤t_page=3&No=10040041|website=KBS World Radio|publisher=Korea Communications Commission|accessdate=11 October 2016}} 44. ^{{cite book|last1=조한성|title=역사의터닝포인트14_삼국의전성기|publisher=Book21 Publishing Group|isbn=9788950944087|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7Qtl2Asj1sC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=11 October 2016|language=ko|date=2012-12-06}} 45. ^{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Peter H.|last2=Ch'oe|first2=Yongho|last3=Kang|first3=Hugh H. W.|title=Sources of Korean Tradition: Volume One: From Early Times Through the Sixteenth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231515313|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9q69SroxWkC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=21 October 2016|language=en|date=1996-11-21}} 46. ^{{cite journal|title=Koguryo|journal=Journal of Northeast Asian History|date=2007|volume=4|issue=1–2|page=57}} 47. ^{{cite book|last1=Kamstra|first1=Jacques H.|title=Encounter Or Syncretism: The Initial Growth of Japanese Buddhism|pages=38}} 48. ^{{cite book|last1=Batten|first1=Bruce Loyd|title=Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War And Peace, 500-1300|pages=16}} 49. ^{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=Hugh Dyson|title=East Asia: A New History|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477265161|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Z3a0NU4RHMC&q=%22King+Changsu+succeeded+Kwanggaet%27o+and+ruled+Koguryo+for+79+years+%28412%E2%80%93491%29+the+longest+reign+in+East+Asian%2C+and+possibly%2C+world+history%21%22#v=snippet&q=%22King%20Changsu%20succeeded%20Kwanggaet%27o%20and%20ruled%20Koguryo%20for%2079%20years%20(412%E2%80%93491)%20the%20longest%20reign%20in%20East%20Asian%2C%20and%20possibly%2C%20world%20history!%22&f=false|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=en|date=November 2012}} 50. ^{{cite web|last1=김운회|title=한국과 몽골, 그 천년의 비밀을 찾아서|url=http://www.pressian.com/news/article.html?no=113599|website=Pressian|publisher=Korea Press Foundation|accessdate=11 October 2016}} 51. ^{{cite web|last1=成宇濟|title=고고학자 손보기 교수|url=http://www.sisapress.com/journal/articlePrint/99094|website=시사저널|accessdate=11 October 2016}} 52. ^{{cite web|title=[초원 실크로드를 가다](14)초원로가 한반도까지|url=http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_travel/khan_art_view.html?artid=200905061508575|website=경향신문|publisher=The Kyunghyang Shinmun|accessdate=11 October 2016}} 53. ^{{cite book|last1=Koerner|first1=E. F. K.|last2=Asher|first2=R. E.|title=Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9781483297545|page=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCqLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=13 October 2016|language=en|date=2014-06-28}} 54. ^{{cite book|last1=Haralambous|first1=Yannis|last2=Horne|first2=P. Scott|title=Fonts & Encodings|publisher="O'Reilly Media, Inc."|isbn=9780596102425|page=155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrElYgVLDwYC&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=8 October 2016|language=en}} 55. ^{{cite book|last1=Selin|first1=Helaine|title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789401714167|pages=505–506|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA505#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=27 July 2016|language=en}} 56. ^{{cite web|title=대한민국 구석구석|url=http://korean.visitkorea.or.kr/kor/bz15/where/where_main_search.jsp?cid=753747&out_service=Y|website=Visit Korea|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=7 July 2016}} 57. ^{{cite web|title=광개토태왕비/동상|url=http://www.guri.go.kr/cms/content/view/2124|website=Guri City|accessdate=7 July 2016}} 58. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.kbs.co.kr/tv/program_view.html?sec=1&No=360|title=Gwanggaeto, The Great Conqueror|publisher=KBS|accessdate=2016-06-15|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001113/http://english.kbs.co.kr/tv/program_view.html?sec=1&No=360|archivedate=2017-02-02|df=}} 59. ^{{cite book|title=광개토대제(전10권)|publisher=아이디어북|isbn=9788989878001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xjiRMgAACAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN8978310036|accessdate=24 October 2016|language=ko}} 60. ^{{cite web|title=태왕북벌기|url=http://www.komacon.kr/dmkn/manhwacon/view_info.asp?in_outorder=1996031204|website=디지털만화규장각|publisher=한국만화영상진흥원|accessdate=24 October 2016}} 61. ^{{cite web|title=[★★리뷰] 광개토태왕, 모바일 전략시뮬레이션 '새역사'를 쓰다… 4.0 ★★★★|url=http://www.gamechosun.co.kr/article/view.php?no=120175|website=게임조선|accessdate=24 October 2016}} 62. ^{{cite web|title=영웅 for Kakao|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ftt.hero_gl_4kakao|website=Google Play|accessdate=16 June 2016}} 5,000,000 - 10,000,000 downloads 63. ^{{cite web|title=4:33 Creative Lab|url=http://www.433.co.kr/eng_awards/|accessdate=16 June 2016}} 64. ^{{cite web|title=Hero for Kakao|url=http://www.433.co.kr/eng_hero/|accessdate=16 June 2016}} 65. ^{{cite web|title=Age of Empires: World Domination Launched for Android and iOS|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/age-of-empires-world-domination-launched-for-android-and-ios-775709|website=NDTV Gadgets360.com|accessdate=16 June 2016}} 66. ^{{cite web|title=Age of Empires: World Domination|url=https://www.aoewd.com/index.php|website=KLabGames|accessdate=16 June 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603115730/https://www.aoewd.com/index.php|archivedate=3 June 2016|df=}} 67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.itatkd.com/pattern_kwanggae.html|title=Kwang-Gae |publisher=International Taekwon-Do Federation|accessdate=2016-06-15}} External links
5 : Goguryeo rulers|374 births|413 deaths|4th-century monarchs in Asia|5th-century monarchs in Asia |
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