| 词条 | Bani Utbah |
| 释义 |
The Bani Utbah ({{lang-ar|بني عتبة}} {{transl|ar|DIN|banī ʿUtbah}}) is a tribal confederation of Arab clans, which originated from Najd. The federation is thought to have been formed when a group of clans migrated to the Persian Gulf coast in the 16th century. Utub ({{lang-ar|العتوب}} {{transl|ar|DIN|ʿutūb}}) is the plural form, while the singular form is Utbi ({{lang-ar|العتبي}} {{transl|ar|DIN|al-ʿUtbī }}). The current ruling families of Bahrain and Kuwait were the rulers of the federation. Invasion of Oman (1697)The Shia Safavids asked for the assistance of the Utub in invading Oman in 1697; however, they were defeated, as they were already engaged in another war with the Ottomans for the control of Basra.[1] 1717 Omani invasion of BahrainThe sultan of Oman at the time asked for the assistance of the Utub in invading Bahrain in 1717.[2] 1783 Bani Utbah invasion of BahrainBani Utbah led by Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Khalifa invaded and conquered Bahrain in 1783. Bahrain is ruled by the House of Khalifa ever since. MigrationThe Utub's ancestors were expelled from Umm Qasr in Iraq by the Ottomans due to their predatory habits of preying on caravans in Basra and trading ships in Shatt al-Arab.[3] They migrated to Kuwait thereafter. Around the 1760s, the Al Jalahma and Al Khalifa clans, both belonging to the Utub federation, migrated to Zubarah in modern-day Qatar, leaving Al Sabah as the sole proprietors of Kuwait.[4] The two tribes established a free-trade port at Zubarah's harbor, but the Al Khalifas refused to share the economic gains with the Al Jalahmah, and so the latter migrated to Al Ruwais. The Al Khalifa went on to monopolize the pearl banks around Qatar.[5] Putting aside their grievances, the Utub tribes of Al Jalahma and Al Khalifa, along with some Arab tribes, drove out the Persians from Bahrain in 1783 in an expedition which was launched in part due to Persian aggression towards Zubarah in 1782.[6] References1. ^The Persian Gulf: A Political and Economic History of Five Port Cities 1500-1730, William Floor, p295 2. ^^ محمد خليل المرعشي , مجمع التواريخ , تحقيق عباس اقبال, طهران , 1328هـ - 1949م , ص 37-39 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575946.0x00009c|title='Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [1000] (1155/1782)|publisher=qdl.qa|page=1000|accessdate=16 January 2015}} 4. ^'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [1000] (1155/1782), p. 1001 5. ^{{cite book|last=Althani|first=Mohamed|title=Jassim the Leader: Founder of Qatar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_J9kiBRdIgC|publisher=Profile Books|year=2013|page=28|isbn=978-1781250709}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575945.0x0000c3|title='Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [843] (998/1782)|publisher=qdl.qa|page=840|accessdate=16 January 2015}} 7 : Tribes of Arabia|Tribes of Saudi Arabia|Persian Gulf|Kuwaiti families|Bahraini families|Arab groups|History of Nejd |
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