请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Bank failure
释义

  1. List of international bank acquisitions

  2. Bank failures in the U.S.

  3. Global failure

  4. See also

  5. Footnotes

  6. Further reading

  7. External links

A bank failure occurs when a bank is unable to meet its obligations to its depositors or other creditors because it has become insolvent or too illiquid to meet its liabilities.[1] More specifically, a bank usually fails economically when the market value of its assets declines to a value that is less than the market value of its liabilities. The insolvent bank either borrows from other solvent banks or sells its assets at a lower price than its market value to generate liquid money to pay its depositors on demand. The inability of the solvent banks to lend liquid money to the insolvent bank creates a bank panic among the depositors as more depositors try to take out cash deposits from the bank. As such, the bank is unable to fulfill the demands of all of its depositors on time. Also, a bank may be taken over by the regulating government agency if Shareholders Equity (i.e. capital ratios) are below the regulatory minimum.

The failure of a bank is generally considered to be of more importance than the failure of other types of business firms because of the interconnectedness and fragility of banking institutions. Research has shown that the market value of customers of the failed banks is adversely affected at the date of the failure announcements.[2] It is often feared that the spill over effects of a failure of one bank can quickly spread throughout the economy and possibly result in the failure of other banks, whether or not those banks were solvent at the time as the marginal depositors try to take out cash deposits from these banks to avoid from suffering losses. Thereby, the spill over effect of bank panic or systemic risk has a multiplier effect on all banks and financial institutions leading to a greater effect of bank failure in the economy. As a result, banking institutions are typically subjected to rigorous regulation, and bank failures are of major public policy concern in countries across the world.[3]

List of international bank acquisitions

Announcement date Target Acquirer Transaction Value
US$ billion)
9-10-2007Netherlands}} ABN AMROUnited Kingdom}} Royal Bank of Scotland {{flagicon|Belgium}} Fortis {{flagicon|Spain}} Santander 77.230
22-2-2008United Kingdom}} Northern RockUnited Kingdom}} Government of the United Kingdom 41.213
1-4-2008United States}} Bear StearnsUnited States}} JPMorgan 2.200
1-7-2008United States}} Countrywide FinancialUnited States}} Bank of America 4.000
14-7-2008United Kingdom}} Alliance & LeicesterSpain}} Santander 1.930
31-8-2008Germany}} Dresdner KleinwortGermany}} Commerzbank 10.812
7-9-2008United States}} Fannie Mae and Freddie MacUnited States}} Federal Housing Finance Agency 5,000.000
14-9-2008United States}} Merrill LynchUnited States}} Bank of America 44.000
16-9-2008United States}} American International GroupUnited States}} United States Treasury 182.000
17-9-2008United States}} Lehman BrothersUnited Kingdom}} Barclays 1.300
18-9-2008United Kingdom}} HBOSUnited Kingdom}} Lloyds TSB 33.475
26-9-2008United States}} Lehman BrothersJapan}} Nomura Holdings 1.300
26-9-2008United States}} Washington MutualUnited States}} JPMorgan 1.900
28-9-2008United Kingdom}} Bradford & BingleyUnited Kingdom}} Government of the United Kingdom {{flagicon|Spain}} Santander 1.838
28-9-2008Belgium}} {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} {{flagicon|Netherlands}} FortisFrance}} BNP Paribas 12.356
29-9-2008United Kingdom}} Abbey NationalUnited Kingdom}} Government of the United Kingdom {{flagicon|Spain}} Santander 2.298
30-9-2008Belgium}} DexiaBelgium}} {{flagicon|France}} {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} The Governments of Belgium, France and Luxembourg 7.060
3-10-2008United States}} WachoviaUnited States}} Wells Fargo 15.000
7-10-2008Iceland}} LandsbankiIceland}} Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority 4.192
8-10-2008Iceland}} GlitnirIceland}} Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority 3.254
9-10-2008Iceland}} Kaupthing BankIceland}} Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority 1.257
13-10-2008United Kingdom}} Lloyds Banking GroupUnited Kingdom}} Government of the United Kingdom 26.045
13-10-2008United Kingdom}} Royal Bank of Scotland GroupUnited Kingdom}} Government of the United Kingdom 30.641
14-10-2008United States}} Bank of AmericaUnited States}} United States Federal Government 45.000
14-10-2008United States}} Bank of New York MellonUnited States}} United States Federal Government 3.000
14-10-2008United States}} Goldman SachsUnited States}} United States Federal Government 10.000
14-10-2008United States}} JP MorganUnited States}} United States Federal Government 25.000
14-10-2008United States}} Morgan StanleyUnited States}} United States Federal Government 10.000
14-10-2008United States}} State StreetUnited States}} United States Federal Government 2.000
14-10-2008United States}} Wells FargoUnited States}} United States Federal Government 25.000
17-10-2008Switzerland}} UBSSwitzerland}} Swiss National Bank 65.314
22-10-2008Netherlands}} ING GroupNetherlands}} Government of the Netherlands 11.032
23-11-2008United States}} CitigroupUnited States}} United States Federal Government 300.000
11-2-2009Republic of Ireland}} Allied Irish BankRepublic of Ireland}} Government of the Republic of Ireland 3.861
11-2-2009Republic of Ireland}} Anglo Irish BankRepublic of Ireland}} Government of the Republic of Ireland 13.570
11-2-2009Republic of Ireland}} Bank of IrelandRepublic of Ireland}} Government of the Republic of Ireland 3.861
13-3-2012Greece}} Alpha BankGreece}} Government of Greece 2.096
13-3-2012Greece}} EurobankGreece}} Government of Greece 4.633
13-3-2012Greece}} National Bank of GreeceGreece}} Government of Greece 7.612
13-3-2012Greece}} Piraeus BankGreece}} Government of Greece 5.516
25-3-2012Cyprus}} Laiki BankCyprus}} Bank of Cyprus 10.812
25-5-2012Spain}} BankiaSpain}} Government of Spain 20.962
7-6-2012Portugal}} Caixa Geral de DepositosPortugal}} Government of Portugal 1.780
7-6-2012Portugal}} Millennium BCPPortugal}} Government of Portugal 3.300

Bank failures in the U.S.

In the U.S., deposits in savings and checking accounts are backed by the FDIC. Currently, each account owner is insured up to $250,000 in the event of a bank failure.[4] When a bank fails, in addition to insuring the deposits, the FDIC acts as the receiver of the failed bank, taking control of the bank's assets and deciding how to settle its debts.

The number of bank failures is tracked and published by the FDIC since 1934 and has decreased after a peak in 2010 due to the financial crisis of 2007–08.[5]

No advance notice is given to the public when a bank fails.[6] Under ideal circumstances, a bank failure can occur without customers losing access to their funds at any point. For example, in the 2008 failure of Washington Mutual the FDIC was able to broker a deal in which JP Morgan Chase bought the assets of Washington Mutual for $1.9 billion.[7] Existing customers were immediately turned into JP Morgan Chase customers, without disruption in their ability to use their ATM cards or do banking at branches.[8] Such policies are designed to discourage bank runs that might cause economic damage on a wider scale.

Global failure

As aforementioned, the failure of a bank is relevant not only to the country in which it is headquartered, but for all other nations that it conducts business with. This dynamic was highlighted quite dramatically in the 2008 financial crisis, during which the failures of major bulge bracket investment banks held dire consequences for local economies throughout the broader global market. The high degree to which markets are integrated in the global economy made this a near inevitability. This interconnectedness was manifested not on a high level, with respect to deals negotiated between major companies from different parts of the world, but also to the global nature of any one company's makeup. Outsourcing is a key example of this makeup. As major banks such as Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns failed, the employees from countries other than the United States suffered in turn.

See also

  • Bank run
  • List of acquired or bankrupt United States banks in the late 2000s financial crisis
  • List of bank failures in the United States (2008–present)
  • List of largest U.S. bank failures
  • Too Big to Fail
  • Volcker Rule
  • Zombie bank

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.fdic.gov/consumers/banking/facts/ | title = When a Bank Fails - Facts for Depositors, Creditors, and Borrowers | publisher = FDIC | date= 2008-10-03 | accessdate = 2008-12-21}}
2. ^Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, The Value of Banking Relationships During a Financial Crisis, December 2002
3. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj16n1-2.html|title = Bank Failures, Systemic Risk, and Bank Regulation | publisher = The Cato Institute | date = Spring 1996 | accessdate = 2008-12-21| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081208183021/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj16n1-2.html| archivedate= 8 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}
4. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.fdic.gov/deposit/deposits/changes.html | title = Changes in FDIC Deposit Insurance Coverage | publisher = FDIC | accessdate = 30 December 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101122230145/http://fdic.gov/deposit/deposits/changes.html| archivedate= 22 November 2010 | deadurl= no}}
5. ^http://www2.fdic.gov/hsob/SelectRpt.asp?EntryTyp=30. Accessed 7-4-2013.
6. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.fdic.gov/consumers/banking/facts/index.html|title = When a Bank Fails | publisher = FDIC | date = Fall 2008| accessdate = 2009-02-06| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090224112015/http://www.fdic.gov/consumers/banking/facts/index.html| archivedate= 24 February 2009 | deadurl= no}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/sep2008/db20080925_760466.htm |title=JPMorgan Chase to Buy Washington Mutual |publisher=Business Week |date=September 26, 2008 |accessdate=2009-02-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303232425/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/sep2008/db20080925_760466.htm |archivedate=3 March 2009 |deadurl=no }}
8. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.ots.treas.gov/?p=PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=9c306c81-1e0b-8562-eb0c-fed5429a3a56|title = OTS 08-046 - Washington Mutual Acquired by JPMorgan Chase | publisher = Office of Thrift Supervision | date = September 25, 2008| accessdate = 2009-02-06| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090115032649/http://www.ots.treas.gov/?p=PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=9c306c81-1e0b-8562-eb0c-fed5429a3a56| archivedate= 15 January 2009 | deadurl= no}}

Further reading

  • Calomiris, Charles W., and Joseph R. Mason. "Fundamentals, panics, and bank distress during the depression." American Economic Review (2003): 1615-1647. online
  • Carlson, Mark. "Causes of bank suspensions in the panic of 1893." Explorations in Economic History 42.1 (2005): 56-80. online
  • Wicker, Elmus. The banking panics of the Great Depression (2000).
  • Wicker, Elmus. Banking panics of the gilded age (2006).
  • Wicker, Elmus. "A Reconsideration of the Causes of the Banking Panic of 1930." Journal of Economic History 40.03 (1980): 571-583.

External links

  • FDIC's list of failed banks since 2000
  • TheStreet.com Interactive bank failure map
  • Google Map of failed banks in USA since 2008
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bank Failure}}

2 : Banking|Bank failures
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/10 17:59:22