| 词条 | Banking and insurance in Iran | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Following the Iranian Revolution, Iran's banking system was transformed to be run on an Islamic interest-free basis. As of 2010 there were seven large government-run commercial banks.[1] As of March 2014, Iran's banking assets made up over a third of the estimated total of Islamic banking assets globally. They totaled 17,344 trillion rials, or US$523 billion at the free market exchange rate, using central bank data, according to Reuters.[2] Since 2001 the Iranian Government has moved toward liberalising the banking sector, although progress has been slow. In 1994 Bank Markazi (the central bank) authorised the creation of private credit institutions, and in 1998 authorised foreign banks (many of whom had already established representative offices in Tehran) to offer full banking services in Iran's free-trade zones. The central bank sought to follow this with the recapitalisation and partial privatisation of the existing commercial banks, seeking to liberalise the sector and encourage the development of a more competitive and efficient industry. State-owned banks are considered by many to be poorly functioning as financial intermediaries. Extensive regulations are in place, including controls on rates of return and subsidized credit for specific regions.[3] The banking sector in Iran is viewed as a potential hedge against the removal of subsidies, as the plan is not expected to have any direct impact on banks.[4] As of 2008, demand for investment banking services was limited. The economy remains dominated by the state; mergers and acquisitions are infrequent and tend to take place between state players, which do not require advice of an international standard. The capital markets are at an early stage of development.[5] "Privatization" through the bourse has tended to involve the sale of state-owned enterprises to other state actors. There is also a lack of sizeable independent private companies that could benefit from using the bourse to raise capital. As of 2009, there was no sizeable corporate bond market.[5][6] Electronic banking in Iran is developing rapidly. The needed $70 million initial capital for the opening of each electronic bank as approved by the Money and Credit Council compares with $200 million required to establish a private bank in the country.[7] History{{See also|Economic history of Iran|Tehran Stock Exchange#History}}In 1960 the Central Bank of Iran (CBI, also known as Bank Markazi) was established as a banker for the government, with responsibility for issuing currency. In 1972 legislation further defined the CBI’s functions as a central bank responsible for national monetary policy. In the 1960s and 1970s, the expansion of economic activity fueled by oil revenues increased Iran’s financial resources, and subsequently the demand for banking services increased exponentially. By 1977, some 36 banks (24 commercial and 12 specialized) with 8,275 branches were in operation.[9] Their topline revenue has always been trade finance and letters of credit.[8] After the Revolution, the government nationalized domestic private banks and insurance companies. Bank law was changed under new interest-free Islamic banking regulations. The post-Revolution reduction in economic activity and financial resources required banks to consolidate. By 1982, this consolidation, in conformity with the Banking Nationalization Act, had reduced the number of banks to nine (six commercial and three specialized) and the number of branches to 6,581. Subsequently, the system expanded gradually.[9] The government began to privatize the banking sector in 2001 when licenses were issued to two new privately owned banks.[5]In 2011, seven state-owned and private Iranian banks were involved in a USD 2.8-billion embezzlement case, which involved forging documents to secure multibillion-dollar loans and purchase state-owned companies.[10][11] In 2014, Iranian authorities arrested 12 people for embezzlement of more than $4.5 billion (3.6 billion euros) from the Kerman branch of Tejarat Bank from 2009 until their arrest in 2013.[12] Types of financial institutions{{see also|Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran|List of banks in Asia#Foreign banks|l2=List of banks in Iran}}As of 2011, about 80% of the country's wealth was deposited with state banks and the remaining 20% with private banks.[13] Iran's financial institutions are:[13]
Islamic banking{{See also|Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran#Islamic banking|Islamic banking|l1=Islamic banking in Iran}}In theory, Iranian banks use "provisional" interest-based transactions but retain the accounting standards of conventional banking.[8] In 2009, Iranian banks accounted for about 40 percent of total assets of the world's top 100 Islamic banks. Three of the leading four Islamic banks are based there; Bank Melli Iran, with assets of $45.5 billion came first, followed by Saudi Arabia's Al-Rajhi Bank, Bank Mellat with $39.7 billion and Bank Saderat Iran with $39.3 billion.[14][15] “Iranian banks are still the predominant Islamic banking players, holding seven out of the top 10 ranks and 12 of the 100,” the Asian Banker research group reported.[14] According to CIMB Group Holdings, Islamic finance is the fastest-growing segment of the global financial system and sales of Islamic bonds were predicted to rise by 24 percent to $25 billion in 2010.[16] Yet, most of Iran's financial resources are directed at trading, smuggling and speculation instead of production and manufacturing.[17]Commercial banks{{See also|Taxation in Iran#Tax evasion|l1=Tax evasion in Iran}}Commercial banks are authorized to accept checking and savings deposits and term investment deposits, and they are allowed to use promotional methods to attract deposits. Term investment deposits may be used by banks in a variety of activities such as joint ventures, direct investments, and limited trade partnerships (except to underwrite imports). However, commercial banks are prohibited from investing in the production of luxury and nonessential consumer goods. Commercial banks also may engage in authorized banking operations with state-owned institutions, government-affiliated organizations, and public corporations. The funds received as commissions, fees, and returns constitute bank income and cannot be divided among depositors.[18] According to the Central Bank of Iran, the financial sector has about $260 billion of liquidity, or 65% of the GDP of Iran’s economy.[17]Derivatives market{{See also|Tehran Stock Exchange#Futures|Iran Mercantile Exchange|Iranian oil bourse|l1=Futures contracts in Iran}}As of 2009, the Iranian oil bourse was a spot market for petrochemical products mainly, with plans to introduce sharia-compliant futures contracts for crude oil and petrochemicals in the future. Trading takes place through licensed private brokers registered with the Securities and Exchange Organization of Iran. With help of Bahrain-based International Islamic Financial Market and New York-based International Swaps and Derivatives Association, global standards for Islamic derivatives were set in 2010. The “[https://web.archive.org/web/20171014083539/http://www.isda.org/media/press/2010/press030110.html Hedging Master Agreement]” provides a structure under which institutions can trade derivatives such as profit-rate and currency swaps.[16][19] While the standards of the Bahrain-based Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) are widely followed around the world, they are not enforced in Iran.[8] Rates{{See also|Central Bank of Iran#Inflation and monetary policy|Riba|Yield curve|l1=Inflation and monetary policy in Iran}}As of 2010, the interest rate charged between banks (i.e. interbank rate) is set by the government of Iran (by the Iranian Banking Association Council).[20][21] In practice, because the banking system of the Islamic Republic is run on an Islamic interest-free basis, there are no "interest rates" per se but only "provisional profit" lending rates called Mobadala. Official "provisional" lending rate (aka "Mobadala")12.0% (2007), 11.5% (2008), 12.0% (2009).[22] Free market rate is 24-25 percent (Aug 2009).[23] Deposit ratesAs of 2010, private banks have acquired 11 percent of the whole money market in Iran.[21]
As of April 2014, the maximum interest rate for deposits of 90 days or less is set at 10 percent, the maximum rate for deposits of more than 1 year is set at 22 percent, and for other maturities the cap is set at 14 to 18 percent.[27][28] In April 2015, the Central Bank of Iran reduced the maximum interest rate to 20 percent.[29] In June 2016, bankers agreed to offer a maximum 15 percent interest on one-year deposits, down from the previous 18%. The rate for short-term deposits is set at 10 to 14 percent.[30] Banking assets and liabilities{{see also|Central Bank of Iran#Banking balance sheets}}Bank Melli, Saderat and Sepah are Iran's three largest banks.[31] The government plans to clear government arrears, recapitalize banks and strengthen supervisory powers (2016). IMF estimates public debt could be as high as 40% of GDP once government arrears to the private sector are recognized.[32]Debts to the Central Bank of Iran{{see also|Central Bank of Iran#Central bank balance sheet|l1=Balance sheet of Bank Markazi}}Since 2002, the government has been barred from borrowing from the central bank directly (e.g. to finance budget deficits). Instead, it is allowed to borrow from the commercial banks who in turn, borrow from the central bank, and inflate their own balance sheets.[33] The total debt of 11 state-run banks to the Central Bank of Iran has exceeded $32 billion in 2009, showing a 10-fold increase over the past four years. Bank Melli Iran (aka National Bank of Iran), with nearly $9 billion, had the biggest debt followed by Bank Sepah, Iran's oldest, with about $4.8 billion. Bank Maskan, Bank Keshavarzi, Bank of Industry and Mines and the Export Development Bank of Iran were next with the respective debts of $4.7, $4.1, $3.5 and $1.1 billion. Private sector banks had much lower debts. Bank Parsian, the largest private-run bank, owed about $421 million to the Central Bank. In addition, the collective debt of state-sector companies to the Central Bank has reached $25 billion (2009).[34] Debts of banks to the central bank stood at 836.1 trillion rials ($27.3 billion at the official exchange rate) by the end of the fiscal year that ended in March 2016. Private banks debts amounted to $4.06 billion. Five specialized bank, all state-run, accounted for $18.7 billion (or 68.5 percent) of the banking sector debts to the central bank by March 2016.[35] Overdue loans{{see also|Corruption in Iran}}According to unofficial figures, overdue loans have reached IR175,000bn ($17.8bn, €13.6bn, £11bn), an increase of 75 per cent over three years (November 2008).[36] Plan to inject about $13 billion to recapitalize the banking sector (2008).[37] Ninety individuals have managed to secure collective facilities totaling $8 billion from Iranian banks, with previous $27 billion unpaid loans (2009).[23] In October 2009, Iran's General Inspection Office informed that Iranian banks have some USD 38 billion of delinquent loans, while they are only capitalized at USD 20 billion. Current average for late debts of Iran's state banks is over 15 percent while the global standard is 3 to 5 percent.[38] Non-performing loans peaked at 17 percent of total loans in 2013, representing almost 10 percent of non-oil gross domestic product, according to the IMF.[8] Regarding corruption and cronyism in the banking sector, Tehran Prosecutor General Abbas Jafari Dowlatabadi said in 2016:[39] {{quote|"Banking has been a safe haven in all such cases for corruption to incubate, with high-ranking management turning a blind eye on the corruption underway in inner organizational levels and or actively participating to gain their illicit interests [..] 11 banks had paid a sum of $2.5bn, with 1287 individuals filing for insolvency; the deadlock to be solved requires three fundamental approaches; the first remains with banks to adapt stricter roles and criteria for granting loans; the bank directors should be in the frontline of the fight for corruption; no run of-the-mill entrepreneur should receive inordinate amounts without putting in stake enough guarantees; cronyism should be abolished and unqualified evidence should not be lent credence as individual’s credentials as receiving loans."}}Summary of the assets and liabilities of the banking system{{See also|Politics of Iran#External debts|National Development Fund of Iran#Funding and loans}}In FY 2004 the balance sheet of the banking system showed that total assets and liabilities were US$165 billion, an increase of 226 percent since 1976. In that year, bank assets were divided as follows: private debt, 34 percent; government debt, 16 percent; and foreign assets (90 percent foreign exchange), 22 percent. Liquidity funds (money and quasi-money) accounted for more than 39 percent of total liabilities.[18] The loan-to-deposit ratio was 100.8% in 2011.[40] In 2014 non-performing loan ratio was reported to be around 18%.[41] By 2017, the government is required to pay $12.5 billion to domestic banks to settle debts.[42] A new report shows the assets of Iranian banks increased by a whopping 40% in 2014. In 2014, the total capital of Iranian banks reached the unprecedented figure of 13.3 quadrillion IRR ($480 billion), an increase of 3.8 quadrillion IRR ($138 billion) over 2013 (i.e. 17% increase over 2013). The deposits in Iranian banks for 2014 reached 5.9 quadrillion IRR ($214 billion) and the loans paid to the public totaled 5 quadrillion IRR ($183 billion). The deposits indicate a growth of 34% while the loans were up 22% compared to 2013.[43]
As of September 2014, Assets: The banks and financial institutions, total claims on the public sector (government and governmental institutions) amounted to 929 trillion IRR ($34.8 billion), and total claims on the non-public sector amounted to 5412 trillion IRR ($203 billion). The ratio of the claims on the public sector to the claims on the non-public sector was 17.2% in September 2014, 15.6% one year before, and 13.4% two years before. This trend suggests that the government is using more bank resources than it was previously, and that banks are getting more dependent on the government’s solvency.[46]Liabilities: Deposits of the non-public sector amounted to 6245 trillion IRR ($234 billion) of which 78.4% is term deposits; this number was 74.5% one year before and 73% two years before. The trend is towards more term deposits and less sight deposits which could be a result of the higher cost of money, the downward trend in the inflation rate, and the stability in the economy. The breakdown of term deposits shows that 44 percent of term deposits are short-term and the rest are long-term. In line with these changes, taking a look at the yield curve for the last 5 years shows that the right side of the curve has moved upward significantly and the left side has become steeper, making long-term deposits more attractive.[46]Capital ratios{{see also|Taxation in Iran#Accounting standards|Basel Accord|l1=Accounting standards in Iran}}The average capital adequacy ratio of Iranian banks is 4%, whereas according to international financial soundness indicators, the standard of capital adequacy ratios in Basel II and Basel III are above 8% and 12%, respectively.[47] According to the IMF in 2016:[32] {{quote|"Where such tests identify shortfalls in capital or risk management practices, [Iranian] banks should be required to present and implement time-bound plans to remedy these shortfalls. Any bank that is not viable after such a process should be resolved."}} Banking reserves{{see also|Fractional reserve system}}The ratios of the banks' legal reserves in the Central Bank in 2009 were as follows:[24]
According to Article 14 of the Monetary and Banking Law of Iran, the CBI is authorized to determine reserve requirement ratio within 10 to 30 percent depending on banks’ liabilities’ composition and field of activity. Sectoral allocation of banking facilities{{see also|Economy of Iran#Sectors of the economy}}In 2008, Iranian banks extended 70 trillion rials ($7 billion) to quick-yield economic enterprises.[48] According to Article 14 of the Monetary and Banking Law of Iran, the CBI can intervene in and supervise monetary and banking affairs through limiting banks, specifying the mechanisms for use of funds and determining the ceiling of loans and credits in each sector.
OTC market{{see also|Iran Fara Bourse|Tehran Stock Exchange}}Since 2009, Iran has been developing an over-the-counter (OTC) market for bonds and equities called Farabourse. Its shareholders include the Tehran Stock Exchange Corporation (20%), several banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions (60%), and private and institutional shareholders (20%). As of July 2011, Farabourse has a total market capitalisation of $20 billion and a monthly volume of $2 billion.[49] In 2010, 5.5% of the Mobile Telecommunication Company of Iran shares were offered on the Iranian Over-The-Counter (OTC) market, at a value of $396 million.[50] This was the largest IPO-to-date in the Iranian OTC equity market. In 2011, Pardis Petrochemical Co., the largest producer of urea and ammonia in the Middle East, Amir Kabir Petrochemical Co., Pasargad Bank, Yazd Alloy Steel Co. and Ravan Fanavar Co (a car auto part manufacturing company) went all public.[69][51] Bond market{{See also|Central Bank of Iran#Money and Credit Council|Iranian Rial|l1=Money and Credit Council}}{{Finance sidebar |banking}}Participation papers{{see also|Islamic banking#Musharakah (joint venture)|l1=Musharakah}}An important development for the Iranian capital markets was the opening of a fixed income market for the first time in 2009 with the issuance of term deposit certificates (traded OTC). The only type of tradable Islamic bond in Iran is the "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722020753/http://en.tpo.ir/UserFiles/File/Annual1386.pdf Participation Paper]". These are typically short term bonds (1–3 years) and have the same economic characteristics as fixed-rate conventional corporate bonds. For participation loans (known as Musharakat (in Persian) or Musharakah (in Arabic)) the interest rate charged by the banks is dependent on the profitability of the project for which financing is required (as in project finance). In April 2011, the government's plan was to limit the maximum rate at 20%.[52] Profit and awards accrued to participation papers are tax exempt.[24] The Central Bank must obtain approval from the Majlis in order to issue participation papers.[3] As at 2012, regulations for fixed income instruments oblige that a market maker always buys back the papers from the sellers in the secondary market at par value if there are no other buyers present.[53] With participation papers, at the end of the project the profit must be calculated and can then be distributed among the shareholders. During that time, dividends or interest can be paid. Around nine billion euros worth of participation bonds in foreign currency and Iranian rials have been allocated for different projects in the Oil Ministry in 2010.[54][55] Three billion euros will be allocated to the South Pars gas field and the rest will go to oil field development projects.[54]
For up-to-date amounts and list of issuing agencies, see CBI's annual review(s) here.
Sukuk{{See also|Sukuk}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20140318025210/http://english.sukuk.ir/ Sukuk] is an Islamic Fixed income instrument, which looks similar to an asset-backed debt instrument. As of July 2011 and for the first time since the law was passed 3 years ago, Iranian companies such as Mahan Airlines and Saman Bank have respectively issued $30 million and $100 million worth of this type of bonds.[62] Iran will also issue $15 billion in sukuk (Islamic Sharia-based) bonds in 2012 to be invested in the domestic oil industry.[60] Trading of Islamic bonds using the salam format, a deferred sale contract, was disallowed by AAOIFI in 2007. But in Iran's debt market, salam is a common form of sukuk.[8] Mortgage Backed Security (MBS) is allowed in Iran's secondary market (e.g. Farabourse). According to AAOIF, main structures of sukuks are:[63]
List of Iranian banks{{See also|List of banks in Asia#Iran|List of Iranian companies|l1=List of banks in Iran}}In 2010, The Banker listed 13 Iranian banks in the "top 1,000 banks in the world".[65] In 2005 the Iranian banking system consisted of a central bank, 10 government-owned commercial and specialized banks, and four private commercial banks. In 2004 there were 13,952 commercial bank branches, 53 of which were foreign branches. Specialized banks had 2,663 branches.[66] As of 2016, banking in Iran employs more than 200,000 staff in more than 23,000 branches of banks and credit institutions nationwide.[39]
Commercial government-owned banks
Specialized government-owned banks
Non-government-owned banks
Investment institutions{{See also|Privatization in Iran|Tehran Stock Exchange|Iranian Oil Bourse}}
Credit agencyIranian consumers have little debt (2015).[81] Iran does not have any special credit rating institute for customer’s credibility rating but all Iranian banks are obligated to send statistics of bounced check to the Central Bank of Iran. However following-up on all bounced checks is a "difficult task".[82] In 2010, "Iran Credit Rating Consulting Company" became Iran's first credit agency by decree of the CBI.[83] Presence abroad{{see also|Ministry of Commerce (Iran)#Trade Promotion Organization}}A number of Iranian banks have established branches abroad, several of which have been subject to program of consolidation. Thus, in recent years, Bank Saderat has acquired the Iran Overseas Investment Bank (from Bank Mellat), and branches of Bank Melli and the Bank of Industry and Mines in London to form Saderat International. In addition, the London branches of Bank Tejarat and Bank Mellat merged to form Persia Bank. As of 2016, Bank Melli Iran branches in Hamburg and Paris, Bank Sepah Plc in London and Bank Sepah branches in Rome and Frankfurt are also among Iranian state-owned financial entities licensed to operate in Europe.[84] Venture capital{{see also|Tehran Stock Exchange|Science and technology in Iran#Private sector|National Development Fund|Foreign direct investment in Iran|Intellectual property in Iran|l2=Science and technology in Iran}}In recent decades Iran has shown an increasing interest in various entrepreneurship fields, in higher educational settings, policy making and business. Although primary and secondary school textbooks do not address entrepreneurship, several universities including Tehran University and Sharif University, offer courses on entrepreneurship to undergraduate and graduate students.[85][86][87][88][89] According to the 2012 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor report, the rate of entrepreneurship in Iran among men fluctuated between 14 and 20% while the same rate for women (between the ages 18 to 64) fluctuated from 4 to 6% between 2008 and 2012 (& while their overall economic participation makes up only 13% of the entire economy).[90] In 2012, Iran scored 67 among 177 countries according to the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index.[91] Some of this activity falls under the informal economy. Iran’s fifth economic plan (2010–15) has allotted $3 billion to the Initial Investment Technology Fund, which is designed to support new university graduates who want to develop their ideas and carry out innovative projects.[92] The Innovation and Prosperity Fund was also established in March 2011 to support knowledge base companies & foreign direct investment in Iran.[93][94][95] Avatech is one of Iran's well-known start-up incubator located at Tehran University.[96] Sarava and Griffon Capital are Iran's first venture-capital and private equity funds respectively.[97][98] As of 2014, Canton Hermidas Private Equity and Swicorp are the two foreign based private equity funds that have a focus on Iran.[41] Foreign companies are beginning to explore ways to start technology companies in Iran or allow their services to become available in the country.[99] Foreign banks{{See also|Central Bank of Iran|Tehran Stock Exchange#Foreign portfolio investment|Foreign Direct Investment in Iran|Islamic Development Bank|World Bank|l2=Foreign portfolio investment in Iran}}According to CBI, five offices of foreign banks[100] (as of May 2012) operate in Tehran and Kish free trade zone. Article 44 (fifth clause) of the Iranian Constitution Law had heretofore placed banking activities exclusively in the hands of government. In tandem with [https://web.archive.org/web/20090530032222/http://www.irtp.com/laws/the%20law%20for%20usury%20free%20banking/index.asp the Law on Usury Free Banking Operations], these two measures effectively blocked foreign banking operations from conducting business in mainland Iran. In 2009 the Constitution was to be amended to allow foreign banks to operate normally in mainland Iran.[101]As of 2015, there is no limitation for the activities of foreign banks in Iranian free economic zones. They may also open branches and representative offices in mainland or hold 40% shares of an independent unit.[102] Foreign branches{{See also|List of banks in Asia#Foreign banks|Foreign direct investment in Iran#Laws concerning foreign companies|l1=List of banks in Iran|l2=FDI and laws concerning foreign companies}}The minimum capitalization for establishing a foreign bank branch in Iran is euro 5m.[146] A handful of foreign bank branches and representative offices extant in the country were allowed to undertake administrative and coordination activities but were not permitted to open customer accounts inside the territory of mainland Iran, receive deposits or extend normative facilities.[103] Until now,{{When|date=January 2017}} foreign banks in Iran have acted as the bridge between foreign companies from the same mother country in the host country. Foreign companies learned of Iran's economic and investment opportunities through these foreign banks in the country. In 2010, the Iranian government lifted a cap on the percentage of shares in Iranian banks that can be owned by a foreign individual or company. The original law, which applied to both Iranians and foreigners, restricted the amount of shares in a bank that a single company could own to 10 percent and an individual to 5 percent. Iranian ownership of banks is still subject to the limits.[104] According to the new rules, only the Iranian government has the authority to form joint banks with foreign entities.[105] Foreign entities can now hold over ten percent of the shares in joint banks with Iran but their shares cannot exceed more than 49 percent.[106] Under the same provisions, foreign individuals and entities that have at least 51 percent Iranian ownership shall be considered Iranian companies.[105] Mainland activitiesFor the first time since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran is set to allow foreign banks to establish branches in the country and engage in normal banking operations.[107] In 2008, Bank Markazi (the central bank) formally officiated over the opening of Iran's first foreign bank branch in the capital, Tehran. The Iran-Europe Commercial Bank, which is registered in Hamburg, Germany, but is majority owned by the Bank of Industry and Mines of Iran. The second foreign bank to be created in Iran was the joint Iranian-Venezuelan bank. As of 2010, similar projects exist with countries such as Russia, Belarus and Egypt.[108][109][110] In 2009, four US banks, including Citibank and Goldman Sachs applied for opening a branch in Iran. The banks made a formal request to the Central Bank of Iran (CBI) to establish a branch. If the Majlis and CBI approve their request, these four banks will set up a temporary branch in an Iranian free trade zone. And if they can work according to the Iranian banking law (i.e. usury-free banking), they will also be allowed to open branches in Tehran and other cities.[111][112] In 2010, Tehran Times reported [instead?] that the banks filing the requests for working in Iran were from "states in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East regions as well as Asia".[113] Free trade zones{{See also|Foreign Direct Investment in Iran#Free Trade Zones and Special Economic Zones|l1=Free trade zones in Iran}}Minimum capitalization for a bank operating in Iran's FTZ is $100 million (2016).{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} Foreign banks could operate in Iran's free trade zone areas for many years and there are three such banks on Iran's Kish Island in the Persian Gulf (2012). Iran’s Majlis (parliament) has ratified the bill for the establishment of domestic-foreign joint banks and insurance companies in free trade zones.[114] Sanctions{{See also|Sanctions against Iran}}The United States is attempting to isolate Iran from the international financial and commercial system in an effort to promote policy change in Iran regarding its nuclear program and purported terror financing.[3] In 2006, Swiss banks UBS and Credit Suisse as well as ABN AMRO and HSBC - decided to end their operations in Iran. UBS announced that it had stopped doing business with Iran because of the company's economic and risk analysis of the situation in the country. UBS stated that it will no longer deal with individuals, companies or state institutions such as the Central Bank of Iran.[115] Bank Melli, Saderat and Sepah are Iran's three largest banks. They have been hit with UN and US sanctions over the past two years, over alleged links with Iran's nuclear and missile programmes (2008).[31] Malaysia and U.A.E are also cooperating with the United States in implementing international sanctions against Iran.[116]Insurance industry{{See also|Ministry of Commerce (Iran)#Export Guarantee Fund of Iran|Insurance agents and brokers in Iran|Privatization in Iran#Banking and insurance|Iranian Economic Reform Plan|Takaful|Insurance|l1=Export Guarantee Fund of Iran|l3=Privatization in Iran}}The Central Insurance of Iran is in charge of regulating the insurance sector in Iran. 27 insurance firms dominate the sector, 26 of which are active in commercial insurance. The leading player is the Iran Insurance Company, followed by the Asia Insurance Company, the Alborz Insurance Company and the Dana Insurance Company and more 22 private insurance companies that are offering service through agents and Brokers . Export and Investment Insurance deals with foreign trade. Insurance companies Asia, Dana and Alborz will be listed on the stock exchange in 2009 after review and improvement in their financial accounts, internal regulations and organizational structure nationwide.[117][118] In 2006 the market share for private insurance companies stood at 54% and 46% for governmental insurance companies.[119] At the end of 2008, there were 20 insurance firms active in the market, only 4 of which were state-owned (with a 75% market share). As of 2014, twenty-five insurance companies are active in Iran and all, except one, are privately owned.[120] Parsian Insurance became the largest privately owned company to be listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in 2010. Parisan is the third largest insurance provider in Iran.[59] In 2008, the total insurance premiums generated in Iran were $4.3 billion. This is less than 0.1% of the world’s total, while Iran has approximately 1% of the world’s population. The insurance penetration rate is approximately 1.4%, significantly below the global average of 7.5%. This underdevelopment is also evident in product diversity. Approximately 60% of all insurance premiums are generated from car insurance. There are about 14 million vehicles in Iran and 90 percent of them are insured (2012).[121] Of the 10 million motorcycles that operate on Iran's roads only 2 million are insured.[121] Also, 95% of all premiums come from general insurance contracts and only 5% relate to life products (against world average of 58% for life insurance in 2011).[119] One of the defining characteristics of the economy is entrenched high inflation (and expectations) thanks to persistent monetisation of fiscal deficits. This produces an environment in which no prudent person would enter into a long-term savings contract. According to Business Monitor International, unless and until economic policies in Iran change radically, the reality of the insurance sector will fall a long way short of its potential.[122] Blood money was $67,500 in 2011, down from $90,000 a year before.[119][123]Since 2012, Iran is insuring its own fleet of oil tankers because of international sanctions.[121] Payout ratios have shown consistent growth over the years. Last year, the industry average payout ratio was 86%. Iran has 2 re-insurers. Insurance premiums come to just below 1% of GDP. This is partly attributable to low average income per head.[176] In 2001/02 third-party liability insurance accounted for 46% of premiums, followed by health insurance (13%), fire insurance (around 10%) and life insurance (9.9%).[124] The Central Insurance of Iran is currently in the process of implementing some deregulation within the industry and migrating from a tariff-based regulation regime to a prudential based one (such as the Solvency regime), which is in line with the internationally accepted standards.[50] Insurance industry’s payout ratio stood at 63.8% during the fiscal year ended in March 2016. Insurers' generated premiums totaled $6.5 billion during the said period. Iran Insurance Company, the only state-owned firm, accounted for 39.47% of the premium. Asia Insurance and Alborz Insurance trail by a big margin behind IIC, holding 10.15% and 7.56% of the market’s share, respectively.[125] Third-part auto liability accounted for 37.6% of insurance firms’ total generated premiums during the year ended in March 2016, with insurers selling about 19.18 million auto policies in the period.[126] As of 2014 total (non-life) market premium was 1.27% of GDP with only $69 per capita spent on insurance.[127] As of 2016, Norway's Skuld (shipping), UK's Steamship Mutual and Standard Club (shipping), Protection and Indemnity (P&I) clubs (shipping), France's Coface (export guarantee agency), Italy's SACE (export credit agency), Germany's Hermes (export credit agency), Austria's OeKB (export credit agency) and Switzerland's SERV (export credit agency) are back doing business in Iran. Many large reinsurance companies are also considering returning to Iran (including Lloyd's, Allianz, Zurich Insurance, Hannover Re and RSA).[128][129][130] See also{{portal|Iran|Economy}}
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Retrieved August 2, 2010 107. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=91904§ionid=351020102 |title=Iran opens doors to foreign banks |publisher=Presstv.ir |date= |accessdate=2010-02-15}} 108. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=135101§ionid=351020103 |title=No Operation |publisher=Presstv.ir |date= |accessdate=2012-02-08}} 109. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=69581§ionid=351020102 |title=No Operation |publisher=Presstv.ir |date= |accessdate=2012-02-08}} 110. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=135305§ionid=351020102 |title=No Operation |publisher=Presstv.ir |date= |accessdate=2012-02-08}} 111. ^{{cite web|url=http://previous.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=9121§ionid=351020102 |title=Foreign banks want Iran branches |publisher=Presstv.ir |date=2007-05-08 |accessdate=2010-02-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718224140/http://previous.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=9121§ionid=351020102 |archivedate=2011-07-18 }} 112. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3379/html/economy.htm |accessdate=April 27, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427095922/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3379/html/economy.htm |archivedate=April 27, 2009 }} 113. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=214253 |title=Majlis to review establishment of 6 foreign banks |publisher=tehran times |date= |accessdate=2012-02-08}} 114. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=237569 |title=Iran to establish free zones bank |publisher=tehran times |date= |accessdate=2012-02-08}} 115. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,182444,00.html |title=UBS Halts Business With Iran - Business And Money | Business News | Financial News |publisher=FOXNews.com |date=2006-01-22 |accessdate=2010-02-15}} 116. ^{{Cite journal|title=U.A.E. Puts Squeeze on Iran Banks|journal=Wall Street Journal|date=2010-10-06|first=Jay|last=Solomon|author2=Chip Cummins|volume=|issue=|pages=A13|id= |url=|format=|accessdate=}} 117. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=100447§ionid=351020102 |title=Iran to privatize 10 power plants |publisher=Presstv.com |date=2009-07-12 |accessdate=2010-02-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713030635/http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=100447§ionid=351020102 |archivedate=2009-07-13 |df= }} 118. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20081109120310/http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3263/html/economy.htm ] 119. ^1 2 {{cite web|author= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePfC4wlj2uY&feature=channel_video_title |title=Private insurance companies in Iran-Iran Today-09-30-2011 |publisher=YouTube |date=2011-09-30 |accessdate=2012-02-08}} 120. ^{{cite web|url=http://iran-daily.com/newspaper/page/4737/1/4638/0|title=دسترسی غیر مجاز|author=|date=|website=iran-daily.com|accessdate=17 April 2018}} 121. ^1 2 http://www.menafn.com/menafn/1ec8e7dd-3f3b-4244-b315-17c982b00e12/Irans-insurance-industry-ready-to-cover-foreign-oil-tankers?src=main{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 122. ^http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2199734/iran_insurance_report_q3_2012 123. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Oct11.pdf |title=Iran Investment Monthly Oct 2011.pdf |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-02-08}} 124. ^1 {{Citation| first= | last=| contribution=Financial Services Forecast| title=Economist Intelligence Unit| editor-first=| editor-last=| coeditors=| publisher=| place=| pages=| date=August 18, 2008| year=| id= | contribution-url=| format=| accessdate=}} 125. ^{{Cite news|url=http://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-business-and-markets/40919/insurance-firms-report-losses|title=Insurance firms report losses|last=|first=|date=7 May 2016|work=Financial Tribune|access-date=|via=}} 126. ^{{Cite news|url=http://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-business-and-markets/42847/what-future-insurance-industry|title=What future for insurance industry|last=|first=|date=5 June 2016|work=Financial Tribune|access-date=|via=}} 127. ^{{cite web|url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-business-and-markets/53687/foreign-insurers-wary-of-iran-despite-vast-opportunities|title=Foreign Insurers Wary of Iran Despite Vast Opportunities|author=|date=15 November 2016|website=financialtribune.com|accessdate=17 April 2018}} 128. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-insurance-idUSKCN12L0XD|title=Cautious Western insurers rebuild business ties with Iran|first=Jonathan|last=Saul|date=|website=reuters.com|accessdate=17 April 2018}} 129. ^{{cite web|url=http://presstv.com/Detail/2016/10/26/490770/Iran-Europe-export-insurance-Hermes-SERV|title=PressTV-Iran inks deals with German, Swiss insurers|author=|date=|website=presstv.com|accessdate=17 April 2018}} 130. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2016/11/20/494380/Lloyds-of-London-to-open-branches-in-Iran|title=PressTV-Lloyd's to open branches in Iran|author=|date=|website=presstv.ir|accessdate=17 April 2018}} External links
6 : Lists of banks by country|Iran-related lists|Banking in Iran|Economy of Iran|Lists of companies of Iran|Insurance by country |
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