“Habiru”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Habiru

释义

Hapiru, Habiru, and Apiru
Habiru and the biblical Hebrews
See also
Notes
References
Citations Bibliography

Habiru (sometimes written as Hapiru, and more accurately as ʿApiru) is a term used in 2nd-millennium BCE texts throughout the Fertile Crescent for people variously described as rebels, outlaws, raiders, mercenaries, bowmen, servants, slaves, and laborers.{{sfn|Rainey|2008|p= 51}}{{sfn|Coote|2000|p= 549}}{{sfn|McLaughlin|2012|p= 36}}{{sfn|Finkelstein|Silberman|2007|p= 44}}{{sfn|Noll|2001|p= 124}}

Hapiru, Habiru, and Apiru

The word Habiru, more properly 'Apiru, occurs in hundreds of 2nd millennium BCE documents covering a 600-year period from the 18th to the 12th centuries BCE and found at sites ranging from Egypt, Canaan and Syria, to Nuzi (near Kirkuk in northern Iraq) and Anatolia (Turkey), frequently used interchangeably with the Sumerian SA.GAZ, a phonetic equivalent to the Akkadian (Mesopotamian) word saggasu ("murderer, destroyer").{{sfn|Rainey|2008|p=52}}{{sfn|Rainey|2005|p=134-135}}

Not all Habiru were murderers and robbers:{{sfn|Youngblood|2005|p=134-135}} one 'Apiru, Idrimi of Alalakh, was the son of a deposed king, and formed a band of 'Apiru to make himself king of Alalakh.{{sfn|Naʼaman|2005|p=112}} What Idrimi shared with the other 'Apiru was membership of an inferior social class of outlaws, mercenaries, and slaves leading a marginal and sometimes lawless existence on the fringes of settled society.{{sfn|Redmount|2001|p=98}} 'Apiru had no common ethnic affiliations and no common language, their personal names being most frequently West Semitic, but many East Semitic, Hurrian or Indo-European.{{sfn|Redmount|2001|p=98}}{{sfn|Coote|2000|p=549-550}}

In the 18th century a north Syrian king named Irkabtum (c. 1740 BC) "made peace with [the warlord] Shemuba and his Habiru."{{sfn|Hamblin|2006|p=unpaginated}}

In the Amarna tablets from 14th century BCE, the petty kings of Canaan describe them sometimes as outlaws, sometimes as mercenaries, sometimes as day-labourers and servants.{{sfn|McLaughlin|2012|p=36}} Usually they are socially marginal, but Rib-Hadda of Byblos calls Abdi-Ashirta of Amurru (modern Lebanon) and his son 'Apiru, with the implication that they have rebelled against their common overlord, the Pharaoh.{{sfn|McLaughlin|2012|p=36}} In "The Conquest of Joppa" (modern Jaffa), an Egyptian work of historical fiction from around 1440 BCE, they appear as brigands, and General Djehuty asks at one point that his horses be taken inside the city lest they be stolen by a passing 'Apir.{{sfn|Mannassa|2013|p=5,75,107}}

Habiru and the biblical Hebrews

The biblical word "Hebrew", like Habiru, denotes a social category, not an ethnic group.{{sfn|Blenkinsopp|2009|p=19}} Since the discovery of the 2nd millennium BCE inscriptions mentioning the Habiru, there have been many theories linking these to the Hebrews of the Bible, but modern scholars see the 'Apiru/Habiru as only one element in an early Israel composed of many different peoples, including nomadic Shasu, the biblical Midianites, Kenites, and Amalekites, runaway slaves from Egypt, and displaced peasants and pastoralists.{{sfn|Moore|Kelle|2011|p=125}}{{sfn|Rainey|1995|p=483}}

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

{{Cite book

|last = Blenkinsopp
|first = Joseph
|title = Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism
|year = 2009
|publisher = Eerdmans
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=m1V1DeBS6P0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780802864505
}}

{{Cite book

|last = Collins
|first = John J.
|title = A Short Introduction to the Hebrew Bible
|year = 2014
|publisher = Fortress Press
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IQfGAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9781451484359
}}

{{Cite book

|last = Coote
|first = Robert B.
|chapter = Hapiru, Apiru
|editor1-first = Freedman
|editor1-last = David Noel
|editor2-first = Myers
|editor2-last = Allen C.
|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|year = 2000
|publisher = Eerdmans
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA549&dq=%22Hapiru,+Apiru%22%22People+designated%22#v=onepage&q=%22Hapiru%2C%20Apiru%22%22People%20designated%22&f=false
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9789053565032
}}

{{Cite book

|author1-last = Finkelstein
|author1-first = Israel
|author2-last = Silberman
|author2-first = Neil Asher
|title = David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition
|year = 2007
|publisher = Simon and Schuster
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Hvq6JbIHBDEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780743243636
}}

{{Cite book

|last = Hamblin
|first = William J.
|title = Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC
|year = 2006
|publisher = Routledge
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT259&dq=%22Irkabtum%22%22made+peace%22#v=onepage&q=%22Irkabtum%22%22made%20peace%22&f=false
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9781134520626
}}

{{Cite book

|last = Lemche
|first = Niels Peter
|title = The A to Z of Ancient Israel
|year = 2010
|publisher = Scarecrow Press
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=RfwUPrERBxEC&pg=PA138&dq=%22Habiru.+The+name+of+a+special+category%22#v=onepage&q=%22Habiru.%20The%20name%20of%20a%20special%20category%22&f=false
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9781461671725
}}

{{Cite book

|last = Manassa
|first = Colleen
|title = Imagining the Past: Historical Fiction in New Kingdom Egypt
|year = 2013
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=mY0zAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780199982226
}}

{{Cite book

|last = McKenzie
|first = John L.
|title = The Dictionary Of The Bible
|year = 1995
|publisher = Simon and Schuster
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=aE7EyQ_HQAMC&pg=PA345&dq=%22a+name+of+the+Hebrew+or+Israelite+people%22#v=onepage&q=%22a%20name%20of%20the%20Hebrew%20or%20Israelite%20people%22&f=false
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780684819136
}}

{{Cite book

|last = McLaughlin
|first = John L.
|title = The Ancient Near East
|year = 2012
|publisher = Abingdon Press
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=tlFMhesOukAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9781426765506
}}

{{Cite book

|last = Na'aman
|first = Nadav
|title = Canaan in the Second Millennium B.C.E
|year = 2005
|publisher = Eisenbrauns
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=HmTOoQmf23AC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9781575061139
}}

{{Cite book

|last = Noll
|first = K.L.
|title = Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction
|year = 2001
|publisher = A&C Black
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=2rnyjxLHy-QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
}}

{{cite journal

|last = Rainey
|first = Anson F.
| title = Who Were the Early Israelites?
| date = 2008
| journal = Biblical Archaeology Review
| volume = 34:06,
|pages = 51–55
| issue = Nov/Dec 2008
| url = http://individual.utoronto.ca/mfkolarcik/texts/ShasuorHabiruBiblicalArchaeologicalReview34_NovDec_2008.pdf
| ref = harv
}}

{{Cite book

|last = Rainey
|first = Anson F.
|chapter = Unruly Elements in Late Bronze Canaanite Society
|editor1-first = David Pearson
|editor1-last = Wright
|editor2-first = David Noel
|editor2-last = Freedman
|editor3-first = Avi
|editor3-last = Hurvitz
|title = Pomegranates and Golden Bells
|year = 1995
|publisher = Eisenbrauns
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=1poyGNWV3UcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pomegranates+and+Golden+Bells#v=onepage&q=Pomegranates%20and%20Golden%20Bells&f=false
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9780931464874
}}

{{Cite book

|last = Redmount
|first = Carol A.
|chapter = Bitter Lives
|editor1-first = Coogan
|editor1-last = Michael David
|title = The Oxford History of the Biblical World
|year = 2001
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA72&dq=%22equated+these+apiru+with+biblical%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjx9bbw7LjYAhUDwrwKHZ9UAqsQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22equated%20these%20apiru%20with%20biblical%22&f=false
|ref = harv
}}

{{Cite book

|last = Van der Steen
|first = Eveline J.
|title = Tribes and Territories in Transition
|year = 2004
|publisher = Peeters Publishers
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=6E3mwfbjttgC&pg=PA16&dq=%22References+to+Hapiru%22%22are+numerous%22#v=onepage&q=%22References%20to%20Hapiru%22%22are%20numerous%22&f=false
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9789042913851
}}

{{Cite book

|last = Youngblood
|first = Ronald
|chapter = The Amarna Letters and the "Habiru"
|editor1-first = Glenn A.
|editor1-last = Carnagey
|editor2-first = Keith N.
|editor2-last = Schoville
|editor3-first =
|editor3-last =
|title = Beyond the Jordan: Studies in Honor of W. Harold Mare
|year = 2005
|publisher = Wipf and Stock Publishers
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=RklLAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=SA.GAZ&f=false
|ref = harv
|isbn = 9781597520690
}}{{refend}}

5 : 2nd millennium BC|Bronze Age peoples|Habiru|Nomads|Semitic-speaking peoples

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