| 词条 | Bartholomew Remov |
| 释义 |
| name = Archbishop Bartholomew Remov | native_name = {{native name|ru|Варфоломей Ремов|italics=no}} | image = Archbishop_bartholomew_remov.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Archbishop Bartholomew Remov | birth_name = Nikolai Fedorovich Remov | birth_date = {{Birth date|1888|10|3|df=y}} | birth_place = Moscow, Russian Empire | death_date = {{Death date and age|1935|6|26|1888|10|3|df=y}} | death_place = Butyrka Prison, Moscow, Soviet Union | parents = Fyodor Remov }}Bartholomew Remov (3 October 1888 – 26 June 1935) was a Russian archbishop, who was martyred by the Soviet Union. EducationRemov was born in Moscow, at the time the capital and largest city of the Russian Empire. He was the son of Fyodor Remov, a priest of the Russian Orthodox Church serving the Moscow Diocese. Fyodor wished for Bartholomew to attend the Moscow Theological Seminary; however,Bartholomew instead chose to study at the Moscow Theological Academy, from which he graduated in 1912. In 1914, he was named a Master of Theology. His thesis was published in "The Book of Habakkuk: Introduction to Interpretation." Monastic life and scholarly workBartholomew Remov was ordained as a monk on June 10, 1911, as a deacon on June 23, 1911, and as a priest on February 18, 1912. He then became the Associate Professor of Old Testament Scriptures at the Moscow Theological Academy. In 1913, Remov became Dean of the Academic Intercession Church and in 1914 he became an Associate Professor. In 1919, he became the head of the Academic Protection Church and Archimandrite. In 1920, Patriarch Tikhon appointed him director of the Higher Institute of Theology. That same year, he preached against the opening of the relics of Sergius of Radonezh, which resulted in his arrest on September 6, 1920. However, due to health complications, he was released on February 28, 1921, and was carried from the prison on a stretcher. His Master's thesis 'Bishop Bartholomew' is based on a detailed analysis of the Greek and Hebrew texts of Habakkuk, complimented with the Slavic manuscripts. The work shows the deep erudition and a multifaceted approach to the subject. The author focused on textual criticism and the "historical interpretation of the book of Habakkuk. Beyond his work as a historian and biblical scholar, Remov was known as an expert on liturgy and the Old Church Slavonic language - knowledge which Metropolitan Sergius Stragorodsky requested he put to use auditing the language and proceedings of all church services; in particular the choir and hymns; focusing on the Moscow Patriarchate. Orthodox BishopOn July 28, 1921, Bishop of Sergiev Posad vicariate, a vicariate of the Moscow diocese, appointed Remov to a position at the Trinity Sergius Lavra; which he served from 1921 to 1923, when he became head of the Vysokopetrovsky Monastery in Moscow, a role he fulfilled until 1929. From 1925 to 1935 he was also head of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin of Putinki. After the closure of the aforementioned monastery, clergy who served with Bishop Bartholomew moved to this church. Here, Remov was respected by the faithful as an ascetic; a prayer, a confessor, and a labourer. Despite wider clerical dismissal, Remov organised secret monastic communities, under the de jure jurisdiction of Deputy Patriarch Locum Tenens Metropolitan Sergius Stragorodsky. It was in this position that Remov began to voice criticism of the church and its political course. In 1928, he was arrested and charged with "harbouring a spy." While in detention, Remov officially agreed to cooperate with the Joint State Political Directorate, under what are presumed to be threats of torture and extortion. He was later released, after failing to reveal any significant information in his forced tenure with the security agency. His "cooperation" with the JSPD agent acted as a formal order to preserve the secret monasticism in Moscow, thereby "covering" him from reprisals from authorities. On June 9, 1934, Remov was elevated to the rank of archbishop. Secret CatholicIn 1928 Remov met with the apostolic administrator in Moscow, Bishop Pius Eugene Neveu, with whom he then continued communicating. (The JSPD believed that Bishop Bartholomew would inform security officers about the moods and activities of Bishop Neveu). In fact, he considered a rapprochement with Catholics an opportunity to ease the fate of the Russian Church and conveyed information about the persecution of the church to the Vatican representative in Russia in order to bring it to the attention of the international community. Gradually, Remov began to show sympathy for Catholicism, but even in a letter dating from 1931, bishop Neveu expressed doubt that Bishop Bartholomew was a Catholic since he "limited himself to vague words about his sympathies and was too afraid of compromising himself." However, in November 1932, unknown to the security officers, he secretly converted to Catholicism and created a small secret Catholic community of members of his church. In 1933 he received the official documents on its powers of papal commission Pro Russia signed by the head of the commission of Bishop Michel d'Herbigny. The document said the establishment of the Department of titular Sergiev Posad vicariate in the jurisdiction of the Pope and put to it "is vested with the episcopal dignity in the Eastern rite" and putting Bishop Bartholomew as a vicar bishop of Bishop Neva. D'Herbigny' gave his support to Bishop Bartholomew (the first such example in Russia in the 20th century), considering the secret Catholic bishop as the future Patriarch of the Eastern Rite in the jurisdiction of the Pope. Some fans believed Bishop Bartholomew's information about its transition to Catholicism false (in the first half of the 1900s seriously considered the possibility of his identity as a saint of the Orthodox saints). They believed that an Orthodox bishop in his relations with the Catholics did not go beyond consultation and transfer of information. In their view, the recognition of the interrogations was "knocked out" by employees of the NKVD, and the documents that came from d'Herbigny dubious. However, their argument is rejected both Orthodox and Catholic scholars. The General Archive of the Augustinian monks in Rome kept correspondence between Bishop Bartholomew and Bishop Neve, proving his Catholicism. The Last Arrest and DeathRemov was arrested during early 1928 but then released under the condition of becoming a secret informant for the JSPD and having the agreement sealed in writing. Remov was arrested again on February 21, 1935, and was prosecuted for his involvement in NKVD from his posting of a shot under the charges of "Dereliction of Duty". He was accused of passing on the Vatican representative in Russia regarding the persecution of the Church instead of relating the faith of NKVD to fellow believers. After a brief detention period in the Butyrka Prison where he was sent shortly following his arrest, Remov was charged for committing treason and dereliction of duty for inability to practice the best interests of NKVD. The Military Collegium, of the Supreme Court of USSR, sentenced him to death on the date June 17, 1935 and he was shot soon after. There were others arrested with him, however, he was the only one sentenced to execution. The Sentence was incredibly severe for 1935 and was later attributed to the fact of his stubborn unwillingness to cooperate during interrogations. When the interrogator questioned his silence he replied: "I tried to find a suitable material, but it is not found.". Further reading
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9 : Catholic people executed by the Soviet Union|Converts to Eastern Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy|Former Russian Orthodox Christians|Russian Eastern Catholics|1935 deaths|1888 births|Executed people from Moscow|Russian people executed by the Soviet Union|Executed Russian people |
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