| 词条 | Battle of Attu | |||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|conflict = Battle of Attu |image = Mortar-attu-1943.jpg |image_size = 300 |caption = U.S. soldiers fire mortar shells over a ridge onto a Japanese position on 4 June 1943. |partof = the American Theater and the Pacific Theater of World War II |date = 11–30 May 1943 |place = Attu, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, United States |result = Allied victory |combatant1 = {{flag|United States|1912}} Air support: {{flag|Canada|1921}}[1] |combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}} |commander1 = {{flagicon|United States|1912}} John L. DeWitt {{flagicon|United States|1912}} Thomas C. Kinkaid {{flagicon|United States|1912}} Albert E. Brown {{flagicon|United States|1912}} Eugene M. Landrum {{flagicon|United States|1912}} Archibald V. Arnold |commander2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} Yasuyo Yamasaki{{KIA}} |strength1 = American: 15,000 Canadian: 1 reconnaissance aircraft squadron 2 fighter-bomber squadrons[1] |strength2 = 2,900 |casualties1 = 549 killed, 1,148 wounded 1,814 cold injuries and disease[2] |casualties2 = 2,351 killed 28 captured[3] |notes = |campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Aleutians}} }} The Battle of Attu, which took place on 11–30 May 1943, was a battle fought between forces of the United States, aided by Canadian reconnaissance and fighter-bomber support, and Japan on Attu Island off the coast of the Territory of Alaska as part of the Aleutian Islands Campaign during the American Theater and the Pacific Theater. It was the only land battle of World War II fought on the continental United States. The more than two-week battle ended when most of the Japanese defenders were killed in brutal hand-to-hand combat after a final banzai charge broke through American lines. BackgroundThe strategic position of the islands of Attu and Kiska off Alaska's coast meant their location could control the sea lanes across the Northern Pacific Ocean. Japanese planners believed control of the Aleutians would therefore prevent any possible U.S. attacks from Alaska. This assessment had already been inferred by U.S. General Billy Mitchell who told the U.S. Congress in 1935, "I believe that in the future, whoever holds Alaska will hold the world. I think it is the most important strategic place in the world." On 7 June 1942, six months after the United States entered World War II, the 301st Independent Infantry Battalion from the Japanese Northern Army landed unopposed on Attu. The landings occurred one day after the invasion of nearby Kiska. The U.S. military now feared both islands could be turned into strategic Japanese airbases from which aerial attacks could be launched against mainland Alaska and the rest of the U.S. West Coast. In Walt Disney′s 1943 film, Victory Through Air Power, the use of the Aleutian Islands for American long-range bombers to bomb Japan from American territory was postulated.[4] RecaptureOn 11 May 1943, units from 17th Infantry, of Maj. Gen. Albert Brown's 7th U.S. Infantry Division made amphibious landings on Attu ("Operation Landcrab"[5]) to retake the island from Japanese Imperial Army forces led by Colonel Yasuyo Yamasaki. Despite heavy naval bombardments of Japanese positions, the American troops encountered strong entrenched defenses that made combat conditions tough. Arctic weather conditions and exposure-related injuries also caused numerous casualties among U.S. forces. After two weeks of relentless fighting, however, American units managed to push the Japanese defenders back to a pocket around Chichagof Harbor. On 21–22 May 1943, a powerful Japanese fleet assembled in Tokyo Bay in preparation for a sortie to repel the American attempt to recapture Attu. The fleet included the carriers Zuikaku, Shōkaku, Jun'yō, Hiyō, the battleships Musashi, Kongō, Haruna, and the cruisers Mogami, Kumano, Suzuya, Tone, Chikuma, Agano, Ōyodo, and eleven destroyers. However, the Americans succeeded in recapturing Attu before the fleet could depart.[6] On 29 May 1943, without hope of rescue, Yamasaki led his remaining troops in a banzai charge. The momentum of the surprise attack broke through the American front line positions. Shocked American rear-echelon troops were soon fighting in hand-to-hand combat with Japanese soldiers. The battle continued until almost all of the Japanese were killed. The charge effectively ended the battle for the island, although U.S. Navy reports indicate that small groups of Japanese continued to fight until early July 1943. In 19 days of battle, 549 soldiers of the 7th Division were killed and more than 1,200 injured. The Japanese lost over 2,351 men, including Yamasaki; only 28 prisoners were taken.[7] AftermathAttu was the last action of the Aleutian campaign. The Japanese Northern Army secretly evacuated its remaining garrison from nearby Kiska, ending the Japanese occupation in the Aleutian Islands on 28 July 1943. The loss of Attu and the evacuation of Kiska came shortly after the death of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, who was killed by American aircraft in Operation Vengeance. These defeats compounded the demoralizing effect of losing Yamamoto on the Japanese High Command.[8] Despite the losses, Japanese propaganda attempted to present the Aleutian Island campaign as an inspirational epic.[8] {{Clear}}GallerySee also
References1. ^1 {{citation |url=http://canadianheroes.org/henri/the-battle-for-kiska-story.htm |title=The Battle for Kiska |quote=Originally Published in Esprit de Corp Magazine, Volume 9 Issue 4 and Volume 9 Issue 5 |work=Canadian Heroes |publisher=canadianheroes.org |date=13 May 2002}} 2. ^[https://www.nps.gov/articles/battle-of-attu.htm US National Park Service] 3. ^[https://www.nps.gov/articles/battle-of-attu.htm US National Park Service] 4. ^{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1iPBvwaIkI|title=YouTube|work=youtube.com}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Battle of Attu|url=http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-attu|publisher=The History Channel}} 6. ^{{cite web|work=Imperial Japanese Navy Page|title=Zuikaku Tabular Record of Movement (TROM)|url=http://www.combinedfleet.com/Zuikak.htm|publisher=Jonathan Parshall|accessdate=10 September 2014}} 7. ^[https://www.nps.gov/articles/battle-of-attu.htm US National Park Service] 8. ^1 John Toland, The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945 New York:Random House (1970) p. 444 Further reading
External links{{Commons|Battle of Attu}}
9 : 1943 in Alaska|1943 in Japan|Aleutian Islands Campaign|American Theater of World War II|Battles of World War II involving Japan|Battles of World War II involving the United States|World War II operations and battles of the Pacific theatre|Amphibious operations of World War II|May 1943 events |
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