| 词条 | Battle of Bologna |
| 释义 |
|conflict=Battle of Bologna | image= Bitwa o Bolonie 1945.PNG | image_size = 300 |caption=Map of the battle |partof=Spring 1945 offensive in Italy |date=9–21 April 1945 |place=Bologna, Italy |result=Allied victory |combatant1={{flagicon|Poland}} Poland {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|United States|1912}} {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} {{flag|Brazil|1889}} (Aviation) |combatant2={{flag|Nazi Germany|name=Germany}} |commander1={{flagicon|Poland}} Władysław Anders {{flagicon|Poland}} Zygmunt Bohusz-Szyszko |commander2={{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} Richard Heidrich |units1={{flagicon|Poland}} II Corps {{flagicon|UK}} V Corps (Elements) {{flagicon|US}} II Corps (Elements) |units2={{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} I Parachute Corps {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} XIV Panzer Corps (Elements) |casualties1={{flagicon|Poland}} 234 dead & 1,228 wounded |casualties2=Unknown, but heavy |notes= |campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Spring 1945 offensive in Italy}}{{Campaignbox Italy}} }} The Battle of Bologna was fought in Bologna, Italy from 9–21 April 1945 during the Second World War, as part of the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy. The Allied forces were victorious, with the Polish II Corps and supporting Allied units capturing the city on 21 April. Background{{See also|Western betrayal}}In March 1945 the Allies were preparing a new offensive, Operation Buckland, in Northern Italy.[1] The capture of Bologna, an important regional communication hub, was set as a part of that offensive. The Allied forces tasked with this were composed of the US 5th Army (II Corps, South African 6th Armoured Division[2]) and the British 8th Army (which for that part of the theatre, was composed of the V Corps and the Polish II Corps).[1] The German units defending the area were composed of the German 26th Panzer Division of the XIV Panzer Corps, the 1st Parachute Division and the 4th Parachute Division of the I Parachute Corps.[1] German defenses in that region were part of the Army Group C,[3][4] defending the Paula Line.[5] The morale of the Polish forces was weakened by the outcome of the Yalta Conference which ended on 11 February, where the British and Americans, without consultation with the Poles, had decided to give a major part of the 1921–1939 Polish territories to the Soviet Union.[6][7][8] One of the three Polish divisions, the Polish 5th Kresowa Infantry Division, was named after the Kresy region, which was now given to the Soviets in its entirety.[6] When the Polish commander of II Corps, General Władysław Anders, asked for his unit to be withdrawn from the front line, Winston Churchill told him "you [the Poles] are no longer needed" but the American and British front line commanders—Generals Richard McCreery, Mark Wayne Clark and Field Marshal Harold Alexander—requested Anders that the Polish units remain in their positions, as they had no troops to replace them. Anders eventually decided to keep the Polish units engaged.[6][8] Order of battleAlliesUS 5th Army II Corps South African 6th Armoured Division United States Army Air Forces 62d Fighter Wing Brazilian 1st Fighter Squadron British 8th Army V Corps Polish II Corps Major-General Zygmunt Bohusz-Szyszko (acting commander)
GermansXIV Panzer Corps German 26th Panzer Division German 65th Infantry Division I Parachute Corps (Richard Heidrich commanding[9]) 1st Parachute Division 4th Parachute Division BattleThe offensive on Bologna started on 9 April at 4:00 am local time, with a major air and artillery bombardment of 400 guns firing on German positions, followed by an advance of ground forces the same evening.[1][10] Friendly fire caused casualties as American bombers killed 38 advancing Polish troops on that day.[17][11] The American and British units engaged the German flanks, while the Polish units broke through to the city.[1] On 10 April, Polish forces pushed the Germans away from the Senio River.[1] From 12–14 April Polish forces fought the Germans at the Santerno River and captured Imola.[1] From 15–16 April, the Poles fought at the Sillaro River and the Medicina Canal.[1] On 17 April, the commander of the Eighth Army ordered the Polish forces to continue their push towards Bologna from the east. The town was to be taken initially by the American troops of the Fifth Army advancing from the south.[1][12] On 21 April the 3rd Carpathian Rifle Brigade of the Polish 3rd Carpathian Infantry Division entered the city, where only isolated German units were still fighting.[1] (Another source attributes the entrance to the Polish 5th Kresowa Division).[13] By 6:15 am the Poles had secured the city, displaying Polish flags from the town hall and the Torre Asinelli tower, the highest tower in the city.[12] The local Italian population welcomed the Poles as their liberators.[1][12] At 8:00 am, American (South African[14]) tanks arrived in the city, followed by Italian partisans.[12] AftermathThe Battle of Bologna was the last battle of the Polish II Corps, which was taken out of the front line on 22 April.[1][12] American and British troops completed their encirclement of the Germans forces north of the Reno River, the 8th Indian Division crossed the Po River and the German forces in Italy capitulated on 29 April.[1][12] The Polish II Corps, commanded by General Zygmunt Bohusz-Szyszko, suffered 234 dead and 1,228 wounded out of 55,780 front line personnel.[6][12] Notes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Zbigniew Wawer, Zdobycie Bolonii, p.9 2. ^{{cite book|author1=Compiled from official records|author2=Terry Cave|title=The Battle Honours of the Second World War 1939-1945 and Korea 1950-1953: British and Colonial Regiments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3y-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|date=29 March 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=978-1-78151-379-8|page=135}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=John Gooch|title=Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpwrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-28881-4|page=157}} 4. ^{{cite book|author1=Francis Harry Hinsley|author2=Edward Eastaway Thomas|title=British Intelligence in the Second World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMsOIZeMPW8C&pg=PA705|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-35196-6|pages=705}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Christopher Chant|title=The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II (Routledge Revivals)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTaMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA180|date=18 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-64787-3|page=180}} 6. ^1 2 3 Zbigniew Wawer, Zdobycie Bolonii, p.8 7. ^Steven J. Zaloga, Richard Hook, The Polish army 1939–45, Osprey Publishing, 1982, {{ISBN|0-85045-417-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AAdYFeW2fnoC&pg=PA20&dq=battle+of+Ancona+1944&lr=&as_brr=3 Google Print, p.20] 8. ^1 Anthony James Joes, Urban guerrilla warfare, University Press of Kentucky, 2007, {{ISBN|9780813124377}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LPDb89mJXUYC&pg=PA37&dq=Churchill+Anders+Yalta+blood&lr= Google Print, p.37] 9. ^{{cite book|author=Ivor Matanle|title=History of World War II, 1939-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3I48FoWp-ukC|year=1994|publisher=Tiger Books International|isbn=978-1-85501-603-3}} 10. ^Eyewitness account, G.Z. Tabona, Royal Malta Artillery, 1999 11. ^{{cite book|author=Halik Kochanski|title=The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ5vIyDBpLcC&pg=PA479|date=13 November 2012|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-06816-2|page=479}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Zbigniew Wawer, Zdobycie Bolonii, p.13 13. ^1 {{cite book|author=Kenneth K. Koskodan|title=No Greater Ally: The Untold Story of Poland's Forces in World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdtDaQ4DNTMC&pg=PA135|year=2009|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-365-0|page=135}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=R Spencer Kidd|title=MILITARY UNIFORMS IN EUROPE 1900 - 2000 Volume Two|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGIwBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=1 October 2013|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-291-18746-5|page=7}} References
6 : 1945 in Italy|History of Bologna|World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign|1945 in military history|April 1945 events|Battles in Emilia-Romagna |
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