| 词条 | Battle of Iconium (1190) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|conflict=Battle of Iconium | image= BattleIconium.jpg | image_size = 300 |caption=The battle of Iconium, by Hermann Wislicenus (c.1890) |partof= the Third Crusade |date= 18 May 1190 |place= Iconium (modern day Konya) |result= Decisive Crusader victory[1][2]
|combatant1= Holy Roman Empire {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|1172}} Kingdom of Hungary |combatant2= Sultanate of Rûm |commander1= Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia Prince Géza of Hungary Děpolt II, Bohemian Noble |commander2= Qutb al-Din |strength1= 12,000–15,000{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=19}} |strength2=Larger than the Crusaders[4] |casualties1= Unknown |casualties2= Field army: 3,000 killed{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=111}} Garrison: all killed or captured 20 nobles taken hostage }}{{Campaignbox Third Crusade}}{{Campaignbox Crusades Battles}} The Battle of Iconium (sometimes referred as the Battle of Konya) took place on May 18, 1190 during the Third Crusade, in the expedition of Frederick Barbarossa to the Holy Land. As a result, the capital city of the Sultanate of Rûm fell to the Imperial forces. BackgroundAfter the disastrous Battle of Hattin and the Siege of Jerusalem in 1187, much of the Crusader states had been seized by Saladin's forces. Pope Gregory VIII called for a new crusade to restore the city to Christian hands and help the remaining crusader strongholds. Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor responded to the call immediately. He took up the Cross at Mainz Cathedral on 27 March 1188 and was the first to set out for the Holy Land in May 1189 with an army of 10,000–600,000 men, including 4,000–20,000 knights, according to contemporary accounts.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=19}}{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=45}} Most historians think the higher troop estimates are exaggerated and propose 12,000–15,000 men, including 4,000 knights.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=19}} He was also joined by a contingent of 2,000 men from the Hungarian prince Géza, the younger brother of the king, Béla III of Hungary. Crusader army
PreludeAfter passing through Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, the forces arrived in Anatolia, held by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm. The Turks continuously harassed the German forces, laying ambushes and using hit-and-run tactics. The Germans, in turn, launched attacks against whatever Turkish forces they could find. On 7 May, a 10,000-strong Turkish army was destroyed by a 2,000-strong mixed infantry-cavalry German detachment under Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia and the Duke of Dalmatia near Philomelium, resulting in 4,174–5,000 deaths for the Turks according to the Turks' own body count and loss estimates.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=104}}[6] On 9–10 May, the Crusaders killed 64 Turkish soldiers and on 11 May about 250 Turks, mostly horse archers, were added to the score.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=105}} On 12 May, the Crusaders crossed a narrow bridge that left them highly vulnerable, but the Turks interfered only minimally, with 20 Turks slain that day.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=105}} More important than the battles was the logistical situation; supplies were running out, and morale was very low. Desertion was frequent among the foot soldiers, as was death from dehydration. Despite this, the crusaders continued their march until they reached the Seljuk capital city of Iconium on 13 May. On 14 May, the Crusaders found and defeated the main Turkish army, putting it to rout.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=107}} Turkish records attribute the Crusader victory to a devastating heavy cavalry charge which supposedly consisted of 7,000 lancers in white clothing and mounted on snow-white horses.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=107}}[5] On 15 May, the Crusaders replenished their surviving horses at a bog, but the next day, 60 Crusaders were killed in a Turkish attack.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=108}} That same day, the Turks offered to let Barbarossa and his army pass through their territory for the price of 300 pounds of gold and "the lands of the Armenians". Barbarossa refused, supposedly saying "Rather than making a royal highway with gold and silver, with the help of our Lord Jesus Christ, whose knights we are, the road will have to be opened with iron".[6]{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=108}} BattleWhile some German commanders advised heading directly through Cilician Armenia to the Levant, Emperor Frederick insisted on taking Iconium to fix his army's food and horse shortage, so on 17 May the Crusaders camped in the "garden and pleasure ground of the sultan" outside the city, where they found plenty of water.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=109}} Meanwhile, Qutb al-Din regrouped and rebuilt his forces after the first defeat, and retaliated on 18 May. Barbarossa divided his forces into two: one commanded by his son the Duke Frederick of Swabia leading the assault to the city, and the other commanded by himself facing the Turkish field army. The city fell easily; Duke Frederick was able to assault and take the walls with little resistance, and the garrison failed to put up much of a fight before surrendering altogether.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=110}} The Germans proceeded to massacre the citizenry.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=110}} The pitched battle was a much harder fight, and it required the presence of the emperor to defeat the larger Turkish force. He is reported to have said to his soldiers: "But why do we tarry, of what are we afraid? Christ reigns. Christ conquers. Christ commands". Although the fighting was intense, the Germans managed to crush the Turks with relative ease.[7] The Seljuks were routed yet again, leaving the city at the mercy of the crusaders. The Germans did not pursue, partly because they had been weakened by a food shortage for the previous two weeks.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=111}} AftermathAfter the victory, the Crusaders took booty amounting to 100,000 marks in the city and renewed themselves and their horses with wheat and barley.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=111}} They rested for five days in the city and camped in the sultan's park on 23 May.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=113}}{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=162}} There they bought over 6,000 horses and mules at steep prices, as well as an unknown number of donkeys, and stocked themselves with bread, meat, butter and cheese.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=113}}{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=162}} They continued their march on 26 May, taking 20 high-ranking Turkish nobles as hostages to safeguard themselves.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=113}} The success of the Imperial army greatly alarmed Saladin, who was forced to weaken his army at the Siege of Acre and send detachments to the north to block the arrival of the Germans.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=64}} Saladin even dismantled the walls of the Syrian ports lest they were used by the crusaders against him. But this proved unnecessary as, on 10 June, Barbarossa drowned while crossing the Saleph river. Much of his army disbanded and sailed home through the Cilician and Syrian ports. Barbarossa's son, Frederick VI of Swabia, carried on with the remnants of the German army, along with the Hungarian army under the command of prince Géza, with the aim of burying the Emperor in Jerusalem, but efforts to conserve his body in vinegar failed. Hence, his flesh was interred in the Church of St Peter in Antioch, his bones in the cathedral of Tyre, and his heart and inner organs in Tarsus. The German army was then struck with an onset of disease near Antioch and a large number of them died.{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=181}} About 5,000 Imperials and Hungarians under Duke Frederick joined the siege of Acre in October.{{sfn|Asbridge|2004|p=422}} CasualtiesThe Turks lost 3,000 killed at the field battle on 18 May according to the History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick (Historia de Expeditione Friderici Imperatoris), a contemporary German chronicle relying on eyewitness accounts from the participating Crusaders and completed by an Austrian cleric called Ansbert no later than 1200.{{sfn|Loud|2010|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Loud|2010|p=111}} Notes1. ^Tyerman, p. 426: "The victory at Iconium and the sacking of the Seljuk capital saved the Crusades militarily, in addition to restocking it with food, supplies, and money" 2. ^Jonathan Phillips, The Crusades 1095-1197, (Routledge, 2002), 140. 3. ^A. Konstam, Historical Atlas of The Crusades, 124 4. ^Tyerman, p. 426: "After desperate fighting involving the Emperor himself, the Turks outside the city were defeated, apparently against numerical odds, leaving Iconium at the mercy of German pillaging and looting". 5. ^Wolff, p. 111 6. ^1 Wolff, p. 112 7. ^Wolff p.116: "Even an enfeebled and decimated German army had managed to dispose of [the Seljuks of Iconium] with comparative ease" References
8 : Conflicts in 1190|History of Konya|Battles of the Third Crusade|Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire|Battles involving Hungary in the Middle Ages|Battles involving the Sultanate of Rum|Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|1190s in the Holy Roman Empire |
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