| 词条 | Battle of Jaxartes |
| 释义 |
|conflict =Battle of Jaxartes |partof =the Wars of Alexander the Great | image = Jaxartes Phase 2.png | image_size = 300 |caption = |coordinates ={{coord|40|17|00|N|69|37|00|E|display=inline, title}} | map_type = West Asia | map_relief = | map_size =300 | map_marksize = | map_caption = Location of the Battle of Jaxartes | map_label = |date =October 329 BC |place =Syr Darya |territory = |result =Macedonian victory. |status = |combatant1 ={{flagicon image|Vergina_sun.svg}} Macedonia Hellenic League |combatant2 =Scythians |commander1 =Alexander the Great |commander2 =Satraces |units1 = |units2 = |strength1 =6,000 |strength2 =15,000-20,000[1] |casualties1 =160 killed 1,000 wounded |casualties2 =1,200 |notes = |campaignbox ={{Campaigns of Alexander the Great}} }} The Battle of Jaxartes was a battle fought in 329 BC by Alexander the Great and his Macedonian army against the Scythians at the River Jaxartes, now known as the Syr Darya River. The site of the battle straddles the modern borders of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, just south-west of the ancient city of Tashkent (the modern capital of Uzbekistan) and north-east of Khujand (a city in Tajikistan). BackgroundCrossing the Hellespont in 334 BCE Alexander was determined to become the new monarch of the Achaemenid Empire. First at the Battle of the Granicus, and then at the Battle of Issus and then finally at the Battle of Gaugamela he struck a series of blows from which the Achaemenid royal house could not recover. During the latter two battles Alexander had been determined to capture Darius. However, Darius had been able to escape in each of these battles. Had Alexander been able to capture Darius, it would have been extremely useful in securing the submission of the majority of the empire. Many of the Achaemenid provinces beyond Mesopotamia were prosperous and well populated. After Gaugamela, the Macedonians were obliged to leave the battlefield where they had been victorious almost immediately. The pestilence that the corpses would have wrought on his army could have destroyed it.[2] Alexander marched on Babylon to secure his communications.[3] His intention was to make this the administrative capital of his empire. Disposition of the armiesThe Scythians had occupied the northern bank of the Jaxartes, confident that they could beat Alexander’s men as they disembarked, but the Scythians underestimated how the collaborative abilities of the Macedonian artillery, fleet, cavalry, and infantry. Firstly Alexander ordered that the crossing would take place all at once, so that the mounted enemy archers would be faced with more targets than they could strike at; and he ordered his artillery to cover the soldiers in the ships. (Catapults have a longer range than bows.) This is the first recorded incident of the use of such an approach. The battleThe Scythians were forced from the banks by the powerful catapults and siege bows. For the Macedonians, it was now easy to cross the Jaxartes. In all likelihood the Scythians would normally have withdrawn at this point. However Alexander wanted to neutralise the threat to his borders from the nomad armies once and for all and was not about to let the enemy get away so easily. Therefore, as a second part of his strategy he ordered a battalion of mounted spear-men to advance and provoke an attack from the horse-lords. The nomads did not recognize this sacrifice for what it was. In their society, in which blood feuds were common, no commander would have sacrificed troops to obtain a better position for the main force. The families of those who had been killed would immediately start a vendetta. Alexander, on the other hand, could send his mounted spear-men on this dangerous mission because his men were well trained and understood that they were not really left alone. Alexander’s vanguard was immediately surrounded and attacked by the Scythian mounted archers. Once they were engaged, their position was fixed and they were vulnerable to an approach by the Macedonian infantry and Alexander’s cohorts of Cretan archers. The nomads found themselves caught between the Macedonian mounted spear-men and the rest of Alexander’s army. The Scythians tried to escape to the wings of the Macedonian lines, but there they were met by Alexander’s infantry. Aftermath and consequencesAbout 1200 Scythians were surrounded and killed, including their commander, Satraces. Over 150 prisoners were taken and 1800 horses were captured. As far as the Macedonians and Greeks knew, no commander had ever been able to pin down and destroy a nomad army besides Alexander's father, Philip II. Philip had defeated the Scythian king Atheas in 340 BC. This was a boost for morale, and a psychological blow for the nomads north of the Jaxartes. Alexander’s main aim, however, had never been to subdue the nomads; he wanted to go to the south, where a far more serious crisis demanded his attention. He could do so now without loss of face; and in order to make the outcome acceptable to the Scythians, he released the prisoners of war without ransom. This policy was successful: the northern frontier of Alexander’s empire no longer faced an immediate threat from the Scythians. References1. ^Fred Eugene Ray, Jr. Greek and Macedonian land battles of the 4th century B.C. : A history and analysis of 187 engagements. McFarland & Company, 2012. p. 161 2. ^Dodge, p.338 3. ^Dodge, p. 4. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/ebooks/reader?id=0RcwAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&source=webstore_bookcard&pg=GBS.PA475|title=Alexander - A History of the Origin and Growth of the Art of War from the Earliest Times to the Battle of Ipsus, B.C. 301, with a Detailed Account of the Campaigns of the Great Macedonian - Theodore Ayrault Dodge - Google eBookstore|date=2008-11-07|publisher=Books.google.com|accessdate=2014-02-07}} Sources
5 : 329 BC|Battles of Alexander the Great|Battles involving the Scythians|320s BC conflicts|Ancient Central Asia |
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