| 词条 | Battle of San Juan (1595) |
| 释义 |
|nombre_batalla = Battle of San Juan |image = Morro-cabras.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Ship entering the bay of San Juan, in front of Fort San Felipe del Morro - view from Isla de Cabras. |partof= the Anglo-Spanish War (1585) |date= 22 November 1595 |place= Viejo San Juan |coordinates= |result = Spanish victory |combatant1 = {{flagicon|Spain|1506}} Spain |combatant2 = {{flagicon|Kingdom of England}} England |commander1 = Admiral Pedro Tello de Guzman Admiral Gonzalo Méndez de Cancio Capt. Sancho Pardo Donlebún Governor Pedro Suárez Coronel[1][2][3] |commander2 = Francis Drake John Hawkins |strength1= 5 frigates, 700 soldiers and 800 sailors, 70 land-based guns[1][2][1] |strength2= 27 ships, 2,500 soldiers and sailors |casualties1= 1 frigate burnt, 40 killed[1] |casualties2= 8–10 boats sunk, 400 killed[1] |}}{{Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War}}{{Spanish colonial campaigns}} The Battle of San Juan (1595) was a Spanish victory during the Anglo–Spanish War. This war broke out in 1585 and was fought not only in the European theatre but in Spain's American colonies. After emerging from six years of disgrace following the resounding defeat of the English Armada at Lisbon in 1589, Francis Drake embarked on a long and disastrous campaign against Hispanic America, suffering several consecutive defeats there. On 22 November 1595 Drake and John Hawkins tried to invade San Juan with 27 ships and 2,500 men. After failing to be able to land at the Ensenada del Escambron on the eastern end of San Juan Islet, he attempted to sail into San Juan Bay with the intention of sacking the city.[2] Unable to capture the island, following the death of his comrade, John Hawkins, Drake abandoned San Juan, and set sail for Panama where he died from disease and received a burial at sea after failing to establish an English settlement in America. BackgroundQueen Elizabeth I of England sent Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins on an expedition against the Spanish stronghold of Puerto Rico and Panama, in an attempt to strike a blow against the source of Spain's gold and silver. They set sail from Plymouth on 28 Aug. 1595, with a fleet of 27 ships and 2,500 men. Previous to that, the Spanish West Indian Fleet under the command of Gen. Sancho Pardo Osorio had sailed from Havana on 10 March with 2,000,000 pesos in gold and silver, bound for Spain. Damage from a storm in the Bermuda Channel on the 15th, necessitated a trip to Puerto Rico for repairs, which was reached on 9 April. The treasure cargo was placed in La Fortaleza for safekeeping while repairs were undertaken. Admiral Pedro Tello de Guzmán, commanding 5 frigates, was sent to retrieve the treasure. Along the way to Puerto Rico, Tello captured one of Drake's ships, the Francis, near Guadeloupe, upon which he learned of Drake's mission, and hastened to Puerto Rico ahead of Drake.[3][4][5] BattleGeneral Sancho took command of the shore defenses, Admiral Gonzalo Mendez de Cauzo commanded the forts, while Tello defended the harbor with his frigates. The Spanish decided to sink two vessels at the harbor entrance, with Tello's frigates just behind, to prevent the English from entering the harbor. The Spanish defense consisted of 1500 men, 800 of whom manned the 5 frigates, with 70 land-based cannon in addition to those on the frigates. Hawkins had died on 12 Nov. from a fever, while Drake arrived offshore Puerto Rico on 22 Nov., anchoring off the Boquerón Inlet. The Spanish brought up artillery and scored hits upon Drake's ship, Defiance, killing Sir Nicholas Clifford and Browne. Drake moved his fleet to the vicinity of Isla de Cabras on 23 Nov.[5][4][3] According to a Spanish account,[5] {{quote|"The same Thursday, 23rd, San Clement's Day, at ten o'clock at night, when it was quite dark, the enemy commenced an attack on the port with twenty-five boats, each carrying fifty or sixty men well armed, with the view of burning the frigates, as was afterwards seen, and they all entered up close to the platform of the Rock (battery), ranging themselves under the fire of the artillery...Most of the boats attacked the Capitana, the Texeda frigate, setting fire to her at the bow, and throwing into her a quantity of fire-pots and shells while ours succeeded in extinguishing the flames before they had done any damage, the fight being carried on by cannon, musquetry and stones."At the same time they set fire to the Sta. Ysabel and Magdalena frigates, and to the Sancta Clara, which was extinguished; but the third time that the Magdalena frigate, of which Domingo de Ynsaurraga was captain, took fire, it was impossible to extinguish the flames, as the ship took fire at the stern and burned furiously; and all that could be done to maintain a footing on board, was done by the aforesaid captain and the people with him, until the ship was just burnt down and twelve men were killed by the enemy's musquetry, besides as many more burnt...The battle lasted for an hour, the most obstinately contested that was ever seen, and the whole port was illumined by the burning frigate in a manner favourable for the rest, who could thus see to point our artillery and that of the forts, with which, and with the musquetry and stones thrown frown the frigate, they did such effect, that the enemy, after about an hour, during which the combat lasted, as I have said, retreated with the loss of nine or ten boats and more than four hundred men, besides many more wounded; while on our side, the only loss was that of the frigate and forty men killed or burnt, besides a few wounded by the musquetry." }} On 25 Nov., Drake's fleet gave up the fight and departed.[5][4][3] AftermathThe Spanish treasure fleet finally left Puerto Rico on 20 Dec. 1595, bound for Spain.[5] This defeat and the defeat at Pinos ended English hopes of establishing a presence in the Caribbean Sea. In the first days of 1596 Drake was diagnosed with dysentery, and on 28 January he would die. Popular CultureThe battle is mentioned in Lope de Vega's epic poem La Dragontea[6] References1. ^1 2 Van Middeldyk p. 68 2. ^The Life of Sir Francis Drake 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last1=Van Middeldyk |first1=R.A. |editor1-last=Brumbaugh |editor1-first=Martin |title=The History of Puerto Rico: From the Spanish Discovery to the American Occupation |date=1903 |publisher=D. Appleton and Company |pages=114-119 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_History_of_Puerto_Rico.html?id=GQMOAAAAIAAJ |accessdate=6 March 2019}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |title=The Forts of Old San Juan |date=2018 |publisher=Division of Publications, National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=9780912627625 |pages=31-34}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book |last1=Maynarde |first1=Thomas |editor1-last=Cooley |editor1-first=W.A. |title=Sir Francis Drake, His Voyage, 1595, including An Account Of What Took Place At San Juan De Puerto Rico, In The Indies, With The English Fleet Under The Command OF Francis Drake and John Hawkins, On The 23rd November 1595 |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=9781409412700 |page=4-5,9-11,46-63 |edition=The Hayluyt Society |url=https://archive.org/details/sirfrancisdrakeh04mayn/page/n18 |accessdate=8 March 2019 |ref=TM}} 6. ^[https://cmcint.atavist.com/dislates-y-disparates-relampagos-catatumbo#chapter-1278423 Dislates y Disparates sobre el Relámpago del Catatumbo: La expedición de Drake, de 1595], Ángel Vicente Muñoz García, Centro de Modelado Científico, Maracaibo, agosto 2016. Additional Reading
11 : Colonial Puerto Rico|Conflicts in 1595|Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Battles involving canoes|Old San Juan, Puerto Rico|16th century in Puerto Rico|16th century in the Caribbean|1595 in Central America|1595 in the Caribbean|1595 in the British Empire|1595 in the Spanish Empire |
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