“Battle of the Camel”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Aisha
Talhah{{KIA}}
Muhammad ibn Talha{{KIA}}
Zubayr ibn al-Awam{{KIA}}
Kaab ibn Sur{{KIA}}
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
Marwan I{{POW}}
Waleed ibn Uqba{{POW}}

The Battle of the Camel, sometimes called the Battle of Jamal or the Battle of Bassorah, took place at Basra, Iraq on {{date|7 November 656 (13 Jumada Al-Awwal 36 AH)}}. The battle was fought between Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was the cousin and son-in-law of the deceased Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, considered the fourth Rashidun Caliph of the Sunnis and the first Imam of the Shias, and A'isha (the wife of Muhammad), Talhah and Zubayr who led the war against Ali claiming that they want to take revenge on the killers of the third caliph Uthman who was recently killed as a result of rebellion. Marking the second chapter of the First Fitna, the fateful battle ended with victory of Ali and defeat of Ayesha who later apologized for her wrongdoing and was pardoned by Ali.

Before the conflict

After the murder of Uthman, people in Medina paid allegiance to Ali as the new Muslim caliph. But after allegiance Talhah and Zubair asked Ali for permission to make pilgrimage to Mecca. He granted it and they departed. The Medina people wanted to know Ali’s point of view about war against Muslims, by asking his view about Muawiyah I and his refusal to give Ali his allegiance. So they sent Ziyad Bin Hanzalah of Tamim who was set on getting the caliphate of Ali because Uthman had died and they wanted to "get to killers of Uthman". However, they went to Basra, and not Medina where the crime happened.

He went back and told the people in Medina that Ali wanted to confront Muawiyah. In Medina, Marwan manipulated people. In Iraq many people hated the Syrians following the Byzantine-Sassanid Wars.

Preparation for battle

While passing Medina, on their way to Iraq, Aisha, Talha and Zubair passed a group of Umayyads leaving Medina, led by Marwan, who said that the people who had killed Uthman, had also been causing them trouble.^[16] Everyone then went to Basra, which was the beginning of the first civil war in Islam. Some historians put the number at around 3000 people.^[13]

Zubair and Talha then went out to meet Ali. Not all Basra was with them. Bani Bakr, the tribe once led by the second Caliph, joined the army of Ali. Bani Temim decided to remain neutral.^[14]

Before the battle started, Ali reminded Talha of the sermon of Prophet Muhammad at the event of Ghadir Khumm. Ali said to Talha, "I adjure you by Allah! Didn’t you hear the Messenger of Allah (S) when he said: 'Whoever I am his MAWLA, this Ali is his MAWLA. O God, love whoever loves him, and be hostile to whoever is hostile to him'?" Talha responded "Yes" to Ali, after which Ali asked him, "Then why do you want to fight me?" This conversation is recorded by both Shia and Sunni sources.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]

Battle

Some chieftains of the Kufa tribes contacted their tribes living in Basra.^[20] A chieftain contacted Ali to settle the matter.^[20] Ali did not want to fight and agreed to negotiate.^[20] He then contacted Aisha and spoke to her,^[20] "It is not wise to shed the blood of five thousand for the punishment of five hundred."^[20] She agreed to settle the matter.^[20] Ali then met Talha and Zubair and told them about the prophecy of Muhammad. Ali's cousin Zubair said to him, "What a tragedy that the Muslims who had acquired the strength of a rock are going to be smashed by colliding with one another."^[20] Talha and Zubair did not want to fight and left the field. Everyone was happy except the people who had killed Uthman and the supporters of the Qurra, who later became the Khawarij.^[20] They thought that if a settlement was reached, they would not be safe.^[20] The Qurra launched a night attack and started burning the tents.^[20] Ali tried to restrain his men but no one was listening. Everyone thought that the other party had committed breach of trust. Confusion prevailed throughout the night.^[20] The Qurra attacked the Umayyads and the fighting started.

With the two generals Zubair and Talhah gone, confusion prevailed as the Qurra and the Umayyads fought.^[20]^[26]

Ali's cousin Zubair was by then making his way to Medina; he was killed in an adjoining valley.

Aisha's brother Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, who was Ali's commander, approached Aisha, who was age 45. There was reconciliation between them and Ali pardoned her. He then sent Aisha to Medina under military escort headed by her brother Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, one of Ali's commanders. She subsequently retired to Medina with no more interference with the affairs of state.^[20]^[28] Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great-grandfather of Ja‘far al-Sadiq. Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was raised by Ali alongside Hasan and Husein. Hassan also accompanied Aisha part of the way back to Medina. Aisha started teaching in Medina and deeply resented Marwan.^[29]^[30]

Sunni View of the Battle

According to Sunnis, the rebels who had been involved in the killing of Uthman, the third Caliph, were responsible for igniting the fight. These rebels had gained much power after the killing of Uthman. It was difficult for Ali, the fourth Caliph, to instantly punish them for their role in the killing of Uthman, and this was the main reason which led to the difference of opinion between the two groups of Muslims. Some Muslims were of the opinion that they should be punished immediately, while Ali required time to punish them. He himself says in Nahjul Balagha:

This led to difference of opinion, and a group started campaigning to pressurize Ali to punish the rebels. But when both groups confronted each other at the place of Basrah, they started negotiating. When the rebels saw that the negotiations may lead to their punishment, they attacked both the armies and disrupted the peace process. According to Sunnis, Ali was the rightly guided Caliph, and hence his decision must have been obeyed. Moreover, the hadith of Hawaab also proves that Ali's opponents were wrong in their stance. But since they also were sincere in their intentions to bring the killers of Uthman to justice, hence they must not be condemned for the violence. Both Ali and Aisha resented the outcome of the battle. Ali said after the battle, "I wish I had died two decades before this incident." ^[32]

Aftermath

Ali's forces overcame the rebels, and the defeated army was treated according to Islamic law. He sent Ayesha back to Medina under military escort headed by her brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, one of Ali's commanders. She subsequently retired to Medina with no more interference with the affairs of state.

Talha, who became disabled in the leg by the shot and fled the battlefield was carried into Basra, where he died later of his wound.

When the head of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam was presented to Ali by Ahnaf ibn Qais, the Caliph Ali couldn't help but to sob and condemn the murder of his cousin. This reaction caused Ahnaf ibn Qais resentment and, drawing his sword, stabbed it into his own breast.^[34]

Marwan I and the Qurra (who later became the Khawarij) manipulated every one and created conflict. Marwan was arrested but he later asked Hassan and Hussein for assistance and was released.

Ali was later killed by a Kharijite named Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam while he was praying in the mosque of Kufa.^[35]

Two decades later, after years of planning and scheming and making every one else fight, Marwan came to power in Syria and the Qurra (the Kharijites) established a state in southern Iraq.^[36]

Legacy

The name of the battle refers to the camel ridden by Āʿisha — once the camel had fallen, the battle was over. Some Muslim scholars believe the name was recorded as such in history to avoid linking the name of a woman with a battle.^[37] Ali blamed Ayesha due to such warfare. Subsequently, Ali said to her brother (Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr) to take her to Basrah. She stayed there for some days till afterwards she went to Medina but Ali sent Abdullah bin Abbas to her and warned Ayisha because the deadline was finished for her, and actually she delayed in going. Afterwards, she was taken to Medina with a number of troops.^[38]

Later on, whenever Ayisha was remembering the day of Jamal, she wished to be dead before that happening, and actually she had this desire that I wish I wouldn’t be presented in that event.

Sunni and Shia's split

Āʿisha's depiction in regards to the first civil war in the Muslim community reflected the molding of Islamic definition of gender and politics. As Ali was the rightly guided caliph (Sunni) and the first Imam (Shia), Aisha going against Ali meant that she went against Islam and received the curses of God. Those who did not pick a side due to the honor and respect of both Aisha and Ali onwards were called Sunnis, and those who sided with Ali alone were known as the Shia ^[40]

Participants

Soldiers of Imam Ali's Army

Soldiers of Aisha's Army

Others involved

Unclassified

References

1. ^Madelung 1997, pg. 168
2. ^Madelung 1997, pg. 166
3. ^Madelung 1997, pg. 176-177
4. ^Madelung 1997, pg. 167-8
5. ^Crone 1980, pg. 108
6. ^¹https://books.google.com/books?id=axL0Akjxr-YC&pg=PT472
7. ^Madelung 1997, pg. 177
8. ^¹Jibouri, Yasin T. Kerbalā and Beyond. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse, 2011. Print. {{ISBN|1467026131}} Pgs. 30
9. ^¹Muraj al-Thahab Vol. 5, Pg. 177
10. ^Madelung 1997, pg. 177
11. ^Nahj al Balagha Sermon 72 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507092829/http://www.nahjulbalagha.org/SermonDetail.php?Sermon=72 |date=7 May 2013 }}
12. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA131 Medieval Islamic civilization By Josef W. Meri Page 131]
13. ^Dr. Mohammad Ishaque in Journal of Pakistan Historical Society, Vol 3, Part 1
14. ^Sir John Glubb, The Great Arab Conquests, 1967, p. 320
15. ^{{cite web|title=A Shi'ite Encyclopedia|url=https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia-ahlul-bayt-dilp-team|website=Al-Islam.org|publisher=Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project}}
16. ^{{cite book|last1=al-Hakim|title=al-Mustadrak, Volume 3|page=169}}
17. ^{{cite book|last1=al-Hakim|title=al-Mustadrak, Volume 3|page=371}}
18. ^{{cite book|last1=al-Mas’udi|title=Muruj al-Dhahab, Volume 4|page=321}}
19. ^{{cite book|last1=al-Haythami|title=Majma’ al-Zawa’id, Volume 9|page=107}}
20. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷Nadvi, Sulaimān. Hadhrat Ayesha Siddiqa: Her Life and Works. Safat, Kuwait: Islamic Book, 1986. Print. Pg. 44
21. ^{{Cite web |url=http://anwary-islam.com/companion/ten-talhah-ibn-ubaydullah.htm |title=anwary-islam.com |access-date=27 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618155156/http://www.anwary-islam.com/companion/ten-talhah-ibn-ubaydullah.htm |archive-date=18 June 2006 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
22. ^{{Cite web |url=http://anwary-islam.com/companion/ten-talhah-ibn-ubaydullah.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618155156/http://www.anwary-islam.com/companion/ten-talhah-ibn-ubaydullah.htm |archive-date=18 June 2006 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
23. ^http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/61.htm
24. ^http://www.islam4theworld.com/Sahabah/talhah_bn_ubaydullah_R.htm
25. ^Ibn Saad, Tabaqat, vol. III, p. 223
26. ^The Early Caliphate, Maulana Muhammad Ali, Al-Jadda Printers, pg. 169-206, 1983
27. ^http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAL/53/3
28. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=DYx7LB3k7tIC&pg=PA261 William Muir, The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline and Fall from Original Sources. Chapter XXXV: "Battle of the Camel". London: 1891. p. 261.]
29. ^Sahih Al Bukhari Volume 6, Book 60, Number 352
30. ^The shadow of the sword, The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the Ancient World, Tom Holland, {{ISBN|9780349122359}} Abacus Page 409
31. ^[https://www.al-islam.org/nahjul-balagha-part-1-sermons/sermon-168-o-my-brothers-i-am-not-ignorant-what-you-know Nahj al Balagha, Sermon 168]
32. ^Al Sunnah, Vol. 3, p. 255
33. ^Al Mustadrak Ala Sahihayn, Vol. 3, p. 420
34. ^http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAL/53/4
35. ^Tabatabae (1979), page 192 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329020223/http://www.balagh.net/english/shia/shia/10.htm |date=29 March 2008 }}
36. ^Sahih Al Bukhari Volume 9, Book 88, Number 228: Narrated by Abu Al-Minhal. When Ibn Ziyad and Marwan were in Sham and Ibn Az-zubair took over the authority in Mecca and Qurra' (the Kharijites) revolted in Basra, I went out with my father to Abu Barza Al-Aslami till we entered upon him in his house while he was sitting in the shade of a room built of cane. So we sat with him and my father started talking to him saying, "O Abu Barza! Don't you see in what dilemma the people has fallen?" The first thing heard him saying "I seek reward from Allah for myself because of being angry and scornful at the Quraish tribe. O you Arabs! You know very well that you were in misery and were few in number and misguided, and that Allah has brought you out of all that with Islam and with Muhammad till He brought you to this state (of prosperity and happiness) which you see now; and it is this worldly wealth and pleasures which has caused mischief to appear among you. The one who is in Sham (i.e., Marwan), by Allah, is not fighting except for the sake of worldly gain.
37. ^{{cite book|last=Mernissi|first=Fatima|title=The Veil and the Male Elite|date=1987|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-201-63221-7|page=5}}
38. ^Masudi, Vol.3, Pg.113 114
39. ^Ibn A'tham Kofi, Vol.2, p. 487.
40. ^{{cite book|last=Spellberg |first=D.A.|title=Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past|date=1994|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-07999-0|page=102}}
41. ^¹Razwy, Ali Asgher. A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims: 579 to 661 CE. Stanmore: World Federation of KSI Muslim Communities, 1997. Print. Ch. 62
42. ^¹²³Islamic period
43. ^¹²³Restatement of History of Islam The Battle of Basra on Al-Islam.org
44. ^www.islam4theworld.com
45. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. Print. {{ISBN|0521646960}} Pg. 18