| 词条 | Battle of Valenciennes (1656) |
| 释义 |
|conflict= Battle of Valenciennes |partof=the Franco-Spanish War |image=Siège de Valenciennes.jpg |image_size=300px |caption=The siege of Valenciennes |date=16 July 1656 |place=Valenciennes, Spanish Netherlands |result=Spanish victory[1] |combatant1={{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}} |combatant2={{flagicon|Spain|1506}} Spain |commander1=Vicomte de Turenne Maréchal La Ferté {{POW}} |commander2=Juan José de Austria Prince of Condé |strength1=25,000–30,000{{sfn|Bodart|1916|p=87}}[2][3] |strength2=20,000[4][5] |casualties1= 2,000–7,000 killed or wounded{{sfn|Bodart|1916|p=88}} 1,277–4,400 captured[2][6][7] |casualties2= 500 killed or wounded[8] }}{{Campaignbox Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659)}} The Battle of Valenciennes (16 July 1656) was fought between the Spanish troops commanded by Don Juan José de Austria against the French troops under Marshal Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, in the outskirts of the town in the Spanish Netherlands, during the Franco-Spanish War. It was the worst of only a few defeats that the French Marshal Vicomte de Turenne suffered in his long career campaigning and is regarded as Spain's last great victory of the 17th century.[9] PreludeOn 18 May 1656 the French troops, commanded by Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne began to close in and surround the fortified town of Valenciennes which was defended by a Spanish garrison under the command of Francisco de Meneses.[4] The well organised siege began to exhaust the defenders. Towards the end of June, Don Juan José de Austria, the governor of the Spanish Netherlands, took the decision to come to the aid of Valenciennes as its situation was becoming unsustainable.[8] The French army, consisting of 115 cavalry divisions and 31 of infantry, was divided into a further 2 divisions on each side of the river Scheldt, one of which was under the command of Turenne and the other, under Henri de La Ferté-Senneterre, with the communication problems that this caused.[8] The battleOn the night of 15 July just as the fortress was about to surrender, the Spanish army arrived consisting of 81 squadrons of cavalry and 27 of infantry. Don Juan's army dug in about a league from the enemy, preparing to launch an offensive. Four attacks were organised:[8]
The Spanish captured 400 French officers including Maréchal La Ferté, lieutenant of Turenne and a further 4,000 soldiers (while French sources reduce these figures to 77 officers and 1,200 soldiers)[10] including their belongings and provisions, including an assault train consisting of 50 cannons and all the correspondence of the French command with their court, which allowed the extent of their forces to be known.[8] As for La Ferté's division only 2,000 managed to escape after tossing their arms and making a run for it in total disarray.[11] AftermathThe victory at Valenciennes lifted the French siege and contributed greatly to lifting the morale of the Spanish tercios, producing "one of those thunderous achievements that Spain came up with in better days." However, Turenne had the presence of mind not to allow the French forces to be intimidated by the defeat. His rapid regrouping and redeployment of his forces prevented the Spanish from gaining a decisive advantage on the front. Philip IV of Spain ordered a gold medal to be printed to commemorate the victory and he had it sent to Condé together with a saber, also made of gold. For the Spanish, the great victory at Valenciennes proved counterproductive. Emboldened by the success, the Habsburg court at Madrid refused to compromise with French demands but Spanish forces were stretched to their limit despite the great victory.[7] The war dragged on until 1659, when the Spanish government finally signed the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which, with the loss of Dunkirk and nearby areas, was less favourable than would have been possible after the battle of Valenciennes. See also
Notes1. ^Stradling p.26 2. ^1 Hume p.276 3. ^Rodríguez p.190 4. ^1 Rodríguez p.191 5. ^Clodfelter p.41 6. ^Israel p.140 7. ^1 Martín Sanz p.210 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rodríguez p.192 9. ^Alcalá-Zamora p.59 10. ^Martín Sanz p.210 11. ^Stanhope p.251 References
5 : Battles of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Battles involving Spain|Battles involving France|Conflicts in 1656|1656 in Europe |
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