“Bay Area Rapid Transit expansion”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Throughout the history of Bay Area Rapid Transit, better known as BART, there have been plans to extend service to other areas.

The initial 1962 BART maps approved by voters included several lines beyond the core system marked as Possible Future Extensions.^[1] Some have since been completed:^[2]

An additional corridor not part of the 1962 plan completed since the agency's inception is the automated guideway transit spur line that connects BART to Oakland International Airport which opened in 2014.^[3]

Construction projects underway

Silicon Valley extension

VTA's BART Silicon Valley Extension is under construction from Warm Springs to the Berryessa neighborhood station in San Jose, linking BART to light rail in Santa Clara County. The Federal Transit Administration awarded $900 million for the project in 2012.^[4] The extension broke ground in 2012, and revenue service is expected in 2018.^[5] The project consists of two phases, the Berryessa Extension (Phase I) which includes the Milpitas Station and the Berryessa/North San Jose Station. Phase II includes the Alum Rock/28th Street, Downtown San Jose, Diridon, and Santa Clara Stations.

Berryessa extension (Phase 1)

The Milpitas station is near Montague Expressway, co-located with the existing Montague light rail station of the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA).^[6] The Berryessa/North San Jose Station is located near the San Jose Flea Market.^[7] Service on this line will terminate at the Berryessa/North San Jose Station until Phase II of the project is completed.

Proposals

San Jose subway extension (Phase 2) {{anchor|VTA's BART Silicon Valley Extension}}

The original plan for the Silicon Valley extension was to continue into downtown San Jose and Santa Clara via subway. However, in February 2009, projections of lower-than-expected sales-tax receipts from the funding measures forced the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority to scale back the extension, ending it at the Berryessa/North San Jose station and delaying tunneling under downtown San Jose to a future phase of construction (making it essentially a "Phase 2" of the project). The originally-planned complete extension from Fremont to Santa Clara was projected to cost $6.1 billion, but the VTA estimates the extension to Berryessa (Phase 1 only) would cost just $2.3 billion.^[8]^[9]

The plans for the downtown subway start with a portal before crossing under US 101. The proposed Alum Rock/28th Street subway station would be on North 28th Street between Julian Street and Santa Clara Street. The proposed Downtown San Jose station would be underneath Santa Clara Street spanning the block from 3rd Street to Market Street. (The Downtown San Jose station was combined in 2005 from earlier plans for separate subway stations at Civic Plaza/San Jose State University and Market Street.)^[10]

The proposed Diridon station would be between SAP Center at San Jose and Diridon Station, which currently serves Amtrak, Caltrain, ACE and VTA Light Rail, and the proposed High Speed Rail will pass through.

The BART subway would then turn north, following the Caltrain route, and exit to the surface at another portal after crossing under I-880. The proposed Santa Clara BART station would be co-located at the existing Santa Clara Caltrain station. Separate construction plans by San Jose International Airport would bring a people-mover train to the Santa Clara BART/Caltrain/ACE/Amtrak station or Diridon Station.^[11]

For the subway segment in San Jose, VTA plans to use a tunnel boring machine for most of the length in order to reduce disruptions to downtown during construction.^[12] Only the station locations would have cut and cover construction.^[13] This is different from how BART subways and stations were built in San Francisco and Oakland, which used the cut and cover method. The construction of the cut and cover stations in downtown San Jose would still cause major albeit temporary disruption, including closing several blocks of Santa Clara Street and severing the VTA light rail line at that street. The extension to downtown San Jose could open 2026, contingent on approval of funding.^[14] As of April 2018 the plan is to have a single-bore tunnel under Santa Clara Street with cut and cover construction at the station locations only.^[15] Utility relocation started and soil samples were taken in February 2019, with construction scheduled to begin in 2021.^[16]

Funding and Electoral History (2000–2008)

Since Santa Clara County is not among the member counties of the BART District (having opted out of the district at its inception, like neighboring San Mateo county), VTA is responsible for building the extension within Santa Clara County. VTA allocated initial funds for constructing BART using the proceeds from a sales tax referendum which was passed by Santa Clara County voters in 2000. In December 2002, VTA purchased a freight railroad corridor from Union Pacific Railroad which will serve as much of the necessary right-of-way for both the Warm Springs and San Jose extensions for $80 million.^[17]

In 2004, the Federal Transit Administration decided to wait to fund the project, citing worries that BART did not have enough money to operate the extension.^[18] In addition, the San Jose extension project received a "not recommended" rating from the Federal Transit Administration placing the federal portion of the funding in jeopardy because of concerns about operation and maintenance funding.^[19]

Santa Clara County voters passed Measure B in 2008, a ⅛-cent sales tax raise.^[20] Projections by an independent consultant recommended by the Federal Transit Administration predicted that the ⅛-cent sales tax would more than cover operation and maintenance of the proposed extension.^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]

San Jose voters passed Measure B in 2016, which allowed for final funding of the subway.^[25]^[12]

Livermore extension: I-580/Tri-Valley Corridor

A proposed extension will further service from Dublin/Pleasanton station east to Livermore, either via traditional BART infrastructure, diesel multiple unit technology^[26]^[28] similar to eBART, or enhanced bus service.^[27] It could possibly continue over the Altamont Pass into Tracy and the Central Valley along I-580 and/or go north through Dublin, San Ramon, Danville, and Alamo to the existing Walnut Creek station via the I-680 corridor.

An existing diesel commuter rail line, the Altamont Corridor Express (ACE), currently operates through Livermore. The two systems are linked, though not directly, by a free shuttle bus which transfers passengers between the ACE Pleasanton station and the BART Dublin/Pleasanton station.^[28]^[29]^[30]

A preferred alignment was selected July 1, 2010 and originally had the support of the Livermore City Council. This plan would have involved the construction of a station in downtown Livermore, and a second station on Vasco Road near Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories. Both proposed stations would have provided nearby connections to Altamont Corridor Express service.^[31] However, in July 2011, the Livermore City Council reversed its position in response to a petition requesting that the alignment stay within or nearby the Interstate 580 right-of-way, and now favors stations be built at the Interstate 580 interchanges with Isabel Avenue and Greenville Road.^[32] BART's Environmental Impact Report Notice of Preparation, issued in September 2012, proposed a single station at I-580 and Isabel Avenue, with possible express bus services connecting to the Vasco Road ACE station and a park-and-ride lot at I-580 and Greenville Road.^[33] Land use plans and studies were being prepared by the city of Livermore in September 2015, and completion is envisioned in 2026.^[27]^[34]^[35] Additional funding for consulting and planning were allocated in late 2016, against the wishes of then BART District President Tom Radulovich.^[36] On July 31, 2017, BART released the Draft Environmental Impact Report of the project.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} The direct BART to ACE connection was studied in preparation for ACEforward projects.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

In 2017, citing lack of interest in the project from BART, the Livermore City Council proposed a newly established local entity to undertake planning and construction of the extension,^[37] which was also recommended by the California State Assembly Transportation Committee.^[38] The Tri-Valley-San Joaquin Valley Regional Rail Authority was established that year "for purposes of planning, developing, and delivering cost-effective and responsive transit connectivity between the Bay Area Rapid Transit District’s rapid transit system and the Altamont Corridor Express commuter rail service in the Tri-Valley, that meets the goals and objectives of the community."^[39] Funds previously allocated to BART to construct a Livermore extension were forfeited to the authority by July 1, 2018.^[40]

BART Metro Vision

Key components of the overall vision for BART's future, dubbed BART Metro Vision, include more capacity in stations, increased train frequency to allow for "show up and go" service at stations within the system's operational core, and increased performance reliability. The most recent report from BART Metro Vision also identifies improvements to its rolling stock, the Hayward Maintenance Complex, and the modernization of its train control system as key improvements for securing the system's long-term viability.^[41]

Second Transbay crossing

Part of BART's 50th anniversary service planning included a new separate Transbay Tube beneath San Francisco Bay would run parallel to and south of the existing Tube. This would emerge at the Transbay Transit Center to provide connecting service to Caltrain and the planned California High Speed Rail (HSR) system. The four-bore Transbay Tube would provide two additional tracks for BART trains, and two tracks for conventional/high-speed rail (the BART system and conventional U.S. rail use different and incompatible rail gauges, and operate under different sets of safety regulations).^[45]

Transit advocacy groups in the Bay Area, such as SPUR,^[42] have long promoted larger-scale expansion of the BART system through various capital projects - one identified as a long term goal in the Metro Vision is the construction of a second, four-bore rail tunnel under San Francisco Bay, increasing connectivity and capacity of the system. The second crossing would likely route to the Transbay Transit Center for connections with conventional mainline rail services.

In 2018, BART announced that a feasibility study for installing a second transbay crossing would commence the following year.^[43] By 2019, the Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority had joined with BART to study a multi-modal crossing, which could also allow Capitol Corridor and San Joaquin routes to serve San Francisco directly.^[44]

eBART extension

Expansions of the DMU-serviced eBART system come at a lower cost-per-mile than conventional wide-gauge BART infrastructure. Service could extend to Oakley, Byron,^[45]^[46] or the Brentwood Transit Center in Brentwood.^[47]

Geary Subway

Part of the plan for the original system before Marin County's departure from the BART District was a line running under Geary Street and turning North to the Golden Gate Bridge. Ongoing studies will determine whether the corridor may one day be served by future BART service. It may be constructed as an extension of the second Transbay Tube.^[45]

wBART

The only branch of the original BART system that has not been extended since service commenced is the line ending at Richmond station. Possible alignments for an extension further north were examined in 1983,^[48] 1992,^[49] and 2017.^[50] Both newly constructed BART wide-gauge electrified rail and the use of existing freight rail right-of-ways and tracks with more readily available standard gauge trains were considered. Potential station locations include Hilltop Mall, Pinole, and Hercules Transit Center. The cost of an extension to Hercules Transit Center utilizing mainline BART technology was estimated at $3.6 billion in 2017 with a ridership of 21,980 by 2040.^[51] The extension to Hercules is controversial in that the main proponent Zachary Mallet wants to build it directly from the El Cerrito del Norte BART station while the city of Richmond is very opposed to this. Furthermore, the majority of the Hercules city council opposes the extension as they believe it will detract from their plan to develop Hercules station.^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55]

I-680 Corridor

Service in the Tri-Valley area had previously been considered with diesel multiple service originating at Walnut Creek and running as far east as Tracy.^[56]

As part of BART's 50th anniversary and envisioning another fifty years of service, planners foresaw a new East Bay alignment originating at Warm Springs station and running via Interstate 680 to the Martinez Amtrak station. It would connect to the existing stations at Dublin / Pleasanton and Walnut Creek.^[57]

Menlo Park extension

In 1999, a short-lived proposal to extend BART from the Millbrae station (then under construction) to Menlo Park was advanced by the San Mateo County Economic Development Association (SAMCEDA). The proposed routing would have followed the Caltrain tracks to the Broadway station in Burlingame, and then would run along the median of Bayshore Freeway to Menlo Park, with stations in San Mateo, Belmont/San Carlos, Redwood City, and Menlo Park. Cost estimates ranged up to {{US$|2500000000|1999|round=-7}}, drawing funding from a 1/2-cent sales tax increase in San Mateo County.^[58] BART leadership warned the timing was not appropriate for a push further south into San Mateo County, and SAMCEDA withdrew the proposal by the summer of 1999.^[59]

Infill stations

Infill stations are stations constructed on existing line segments between two existing stations. The West Dublin/Pleasanton and Embarcadero stations are the only infill stations currently in the BART system. The Doolittle Car Barn, initially slated to be opened as a full station along the Oakland Airport Connector, may be repurposed for passenger service at a later date.

BART planners have studied additional stations for at least four other sites within the system: Albany, Calaveras, Irvington, and 30th Street Mission.^[41] Construction costs for a planned 30th Street Mission station in San Francisco, between the existing 24th Street Mission and Glen Park stations, were estimated at approximately $500 million in 2003.^[60]^[61] A proposal for a Jack London Square station in Oakland was rejected as being incompatible with existing track geometry; a one-station stub line at the foot of Broadway and the use of other transit modes also were studied.^[62]

The Irvington Station is currently on re-evaluation of the environmental impact report from 2004 by the city of Fremont as of March 2017, and according to reports the station may open by 2026.^[63]

References

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48. ^{{cite web|last1=Drake|first1=Gerard|title=West Contra Costa Extension Study Final Report|url=http://www.zakharymallettbart.com/1983Study.pdf|publisher=Wilbur Smith and Associates|accessdate=2017-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013221608/http://www.zakharymallettbart.com/1983Study.pdf|archivedate=2016-10-13}}
49. ^{{cite web|title=West Contra Costa Extension Alignment Study|url=http://www.zakharymallettbart.com/1992Study.pdf|publisher=Korve Engineering, Inc.|accessdate=2017-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913152032/http://www.zakharymallettbart.com/1992Study.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-13}}
50. ^{{cite web|title=West Contra Costa High-Capacity Transit Study|url=http://westcountytransitstudy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Jun-2017-WCCTAC-Final-Report.pdf|website=West County High-Capacity Transit Study|publisher=West Contra Costa Transportation Advisory Committee|accessdate=2019-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809130332/http://westcountytransitstudy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Jun-2017-WCCTAC-Final-Report.pdf|archivedate=2017-08-09}}
51. ^{{cite news|last1=Radin|first1=Rick|title=West Contra Costa studying I-80 corridor gridlock solutions|url=http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2017/03/28/west-contra-costa-studying-i-80-corridor-gridlock-solutions/|accessdate=2017-04-09|publisher=East Bay Times|date=March 28, 2017}}
52. ^{{Cite web |url=http://richmondstandard.com/2016/07/29/bart-extension-to-hercules-still-being-studied-and-sorely-needed-director-says/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329083745/http://richmondstandard.com/2016/07/29/bart-extension-to-hercules-still-being-studied-and-sorely-needed-director-says/ |archive-date=2018-03-29 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
53. ^
54. ^
55. ^[https://patch.com/california/pinole-hercules/should-bart-extend-to-pinole-and-hercules]
56. ^{{cite news |last1=Cabanatuan |first1=Michael |title=BART ponders eastern extensions / Planned routes call for unfamiliar trains |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/BART-ponders-eastern-extensions-Planned-routes-2609740.php |accessdate=2018-07-17 |agency=San Francisco Gate |date=June 13, 2003}}
57. ^¹²{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/BART-S-NEW-VISION-MORE-BIGGER-FASTER-2584901.php |title= BART's New Vision: More, Bigger, Faster |last= Cabanatuan |first= Michael |date= June 22, 2007 |newspaper= San Francisco Chronicle |page= A1 |accessdate=2017-05-27}}
58. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bayrailalliance.org/newsletter/1999/samceda-bart.html |title=SAMCEDA 1999 proposal for BART via 101 to Menlo Park |author= |date=June 27, 2004 |website=Bay Rail Alliance |accessdate=2016-03-15}}
59. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.almanacnews.com/morgue/1999/1999_07_21.bart.html |title=Plan dumped to extend BART down Bayshore Freeway to Menlo Park |author=Softky, Marion |date=July 21, 1999 |newspaper=The Almanac News |location=Menlo Park |accessdate=2016-03-15 }}
60. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.bart.gov/sites/default/files/docs/30th.c.pdf | title = San Francisco County Planning: 30th Street Infill Station Study | author = John T. Warren and Associates, Inc. | publisher = Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) | format = PDF | page = 64 | date = May 2003 | accessdate=2014-07-16 | via = http://www.bart.gov/about/planning/sanfrancisco}}
61. ^{{cite news|last1=Topakian|first1=Karen|title=A 30th Street BART Station Would Cost Half a Billion and Take 7 Years to Get Here|url=http://www.noevalleyvoice.com/2002/May/bart.html|accessdate=2017-08-15|agency=The Noe Valley Voice|date=May 2002}}
62. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.bart.gov/sites/default/files/docs/JLSFeasibility1.pdf | title = The Jack London BART Feasibility Study | publisher = Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) | format = PDF | pages = 17–31 | date = December 2004 | accessdate=2014-07-16 | via = http://www.bart.gov/about/planning/alameda}}
63. ^{{Cite web|url=https://fremont.gov/2977/Irvington-BART-Station|title=Irvington BART Station {{!}} City of Fremont Official Website|website=fremont.gov|access-date=2019-04-04}}