“Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)

释义

Design
Mintages
See also
References
External links

{{About|the British coin minted between 1672 and 1967|the decimal halfpenny|Halfpenny (British decimal coin)|the earlier history of the halfpenny|History of the halfpenny}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}{{Infobox coin
| Country = United Kingdom
| Denomination = One old halfpenny
| Value = {{sfrac|1|480}}
| Unit = pound sterling
| Mass = (1860–1967) 5.67
| Diameter = (1860–1967) 25.48
| Thickness =
| Edge = Plain
| Composition = (1672–1860) Copper
(1860–1967) Bronze
| Years of Minting = 1672–1967
| Catalog Number =
| Obverse = British_pre-decimal_halfpenny_1967_obverse.png
| Obverse Design = Profile of the monarch (Elizabeth II design shown)
| Obverse Designer = Mary Gillick
| Obverse Design Date = 1953
| Reverse = British_pre-decimal_halfpenny_1967_reverse.png
| Reverse Design = Golden Hind (Britannia on earlier mintages)
| Reverse Designer = Thomas Humphrey Paget
| Reverse Design Date = 1937
}}

The British pre-decimal halfpenny ({{frac|1|2}}d) coin, usually simply known as a halfpenny (pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|eɪ|p|ən|i}} {{respell|HAY|pə-nee}}), historically occasionally also as the obol,^[1] was a unit of currency that equalled half of a penny or {{frac|1|480}} of a pound sterling. Originally the halfpenny was minted in copper, but after 1860 it was minted in bronze. It ceased to be legal tender in 1969, in the run-up to decimalisation. The halfpenny featured two different designs on its reverse during its years in circulation. From 1672 until 1936 the image of Britannia appeared on the reverse, and from 1937 onwards the image of the Golden Hind appeared.^[2] Like all British coinage, it bore the portrait of the monarch on the obverse.^[3]

"Halfpenny" was colloquially written ha’penny, and "{{frac|1|1|2}}d" was spoken as "a penny ha’penny" {{IPAc-en|ə|_|ˈ|p|ɛ|n|i|_|ˈ|h|eɪ|p|n|i}} or three ha'pence {{IPAc-en|θ|r|iː|_|ˈ|h|eɪ|p|ən|s}}.^[4] Before Decimal Day in 1971 there were 240 pence in one pound sterling. Twelve pence made a shilling, and twenty shillings made a pound. Values less than a pound were usually written in terms of shillings and pence, e.g. 42 pence would be three shillings and six pence (3/6), pronounced "three and six", whereas 3 shillings even would be "3s" or, on a sign in a shop, "3/-" (the dash usually being written instead of 0 for pence). Values of less than a shilling were simply written in pence, e.g. eightpence would be 8d (the "d" standing for the Latin word denarii (sing. denarius, a common coin in Roman Britain) .

Design

The original reverse of the bronze version of the coin, designed by Leonard Charles Wyon, is a seated Britannia, holding a trident, with the words {{small|HALF PENNY}} to either side. Issues before 1895 also feature a lighthouse to Britannia's left and a ship to her right. Various minor adjustments to the level of the sea depicted around Britannia, and the angle of her trident were also made over the years. Some issues feature toothed edges, while others feature beading.

Over the years, various different obverses were used. Edward VII, George V, George VI and Elizabeth II each had a single obverse for halfpennies produced during their respective reigns. Over the long reign of Queen Victoria two different obverses were used, but the short reign of Edward VIII meant no halfpennies bearing his likeness were ever issued.

During Victoria’s reign, the halfpenny was first issued with the so-called ‘bun head’, or ‘draped bust’ of Queen Victoria on the obverse. The inscription around the bust read {{Small|VICTORIA D G BRITT REG F D}}. This was replaced in 1895 by the ‘old head’, or ‘veiled bust’. The inscription on these coins read {{Small|VICTORIA DEI GRA BRITT REGINA FID DEF IND IMP}}.

Coins issued during the reign of Edward VII feature his likeness and bear the inscription {{Small|EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA BRITT OMN REX FID DEF IND IMP}}. Similarly, those issued during the reign of George V feature his likeness and bear the inscription {{Small|GEORGIVS V DEI GRA BRITT OMN REX FID DEF IND IMP}}.

A halfpenny of King Edward VIII (1936) does exist, dated 1937, but technically it is a pattern coin i.e. one produced for official approval which it would probably have been due to receive about the time that the King abdicated. The obverse shows a left-facing portrait of the king (who considered this to be his best side, and consequently broke the tradition of alternating the direction in which the monarch faces on coins — some viewed this as indicating bad luck for the reign); the inscription on the obverse is {{Small|EDWARDVS VIII D G BR OMN REX F D IND IMP}}.

The pattern coin of Edward VIII and regular issue halfpennies of George VI and Elizabeth II feature a redesigned reverse displaying Sir Francis Drake's ship the Golden Hind.

George VI issue coins feature the inscription {{Small|GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX F D IND IMP}} before 1949, and {{Small|GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX FIDEI DEF}} thereafter. Unlike the penny, halfpennies were minted throughout the early reign of Elizabeth II, bearing the inscription {{Small|ELIZABETH II DEI GRA BRITT OMN REGINA F D}} in 1953, and {{Small|ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA F D}} thereafter.

Mintages

Victoria (Veiled bust)
colwidth=25em}} 1895 ~ 3,032,000 1896 ~ 9,143,000 1897 ~ 8,690,000 1898 ~ 8,595,000 1899 ~ 12,108,000 1900 ~ 13,805,000 1901 ~ 11,127,000 {{div col end}}

Edward VII
colwidth=25em}} 1902 ~ 13,673,000 1903 ~ 11,451,000 1904 ~ 8,131,000 1905 ~ 10,125,000 1906 ~ 11,101,000 1907 ~ 16,849,000 1908 ~ 16,620,999 1909 ~ 8,279,000 1910 ~ 10,770,000 {{div col end}}

George V

colwidth=25em}}

1911 ~ 12,571,000
1912 ~ 21,186,000
1913 ~ 17,476,000
1914 ~ 20,289,000
1915 ~ 21,563,000
1916 ~ 39,386,000
1917 ~ 38,245,000
1918 ~ 22,321,000
1919 ~ 28,104,000
1920 ~ 35,147,000
1921 ~ 28,027,000
1922 ~ 10,735,000
1923 ~ 12,266,000
1924 ~ 13,971,000
1925 ~ 12,216,000
1926 ~ 6,712,000
1927 ~ 15,590,000
1928 ~ 20,935,000
1929 ~ 25,680,000
1930 ~ 12,533,000
1931 ~ 16,138,000
1932 ~ 14,448,000
1933 ~ 10,580,000
1934 ~ 7,704,000
1935 ~ 12,180,000
1936 ~ 22,009,000

George VI
colwidth=25em}} 1937 ~ 24,504,000 1938 ~ 40,320,000 1939 ~ 28,925,000 1940 ~ 32,162,000 1941 ~ 45,120,000 1942 ~ 71,909,000 1943 ~ 76,200,000 1944 ~ 81,840,000 1945 ~ 57,000,000 1946 ~ 22,726,000 1947 ~ 21,226,000 1948 ~ 26,947,000 1949 ~ 24,744,000 1950 ~ 24,154,000 1951 ~ 14,868,000 1952 ~ 33,278,000 {{div col end}}

Elizabeth II
colwidth=25em}} 1953 ~ 8,926,000 1954 ~ 19,375,000 1955 ~ 18,799,000 1956 ~ 21,799,000 1957 ~ 43,684,000 1958 ~ 62,318,000 1959 ~ 79,176,000 1960 ~ 41,340,000 1962 ~ 41,779,000 1963 ~ 45,036,000 1964 ~ 78,583,000 1965 ~ 98,083,000 1966 ~ 95,289,000 1967 ~ 146,491,000 1970 ~ 750,000 (souvenir sets only) {{div col end}}

References

1. ^Albert Peel, Seconde parte of a register: being a calendar of manuscripts under that title (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 175, note.
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk/coins/british-coinage/old-denominations/halfpenny-and-farthing/index.html |title= Halfpenny and Farthing |publisher= Royal Mint Museum|accessdate=10 May 2014}}
3. ^Michael, Thomas and Cuhaj, George S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cwvl1ZseZW8C Collecting World Coins: Circulating Issues 1901 - Present]. Krause Publications, 2001.
4. ^{{OED|Halfpenny}}

External links

3 : Coins of Great Britain|Pre-decimalisation coins of the United Kingdom|Coins of the United Kingdom

随便看

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

Design

Mintages

See also

References

External links