“Hallstatt”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Hallstatt ({{IPA-de|ˈhalʃtat|lang}}; Central Bavarian: Hoistod) is a small town in the district of Gmunden, in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

Situated between the southwestern shore of Hallstätter See and the steep slopes of the Dachstein massif, the town lies in Salzkammergut region, on the national road linking Salzburg and Graz.

Hallstatt is known for its production of salt, dating back to prehistoric times, and gave its name to the Hallstatt culture, the archaeological culture linked to Proto-Celtic and early Celtic people of the Early Iron Age in Europe, c.800–450 BC.

Hallstatt is at the core of the "Hallstatt-Dachstein/Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape" declared as one of the World Heritage Sites in Austria by UNESCO in 1997.

Climate

{{Weather box
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Hallstatt
| Jan high C =1.5
| Feb high C =4.0
| Mar high C =9.2
| Apr high C =13.9
| May high C =19.0
| Jun high C =22.3
| Jul high C =24.1
| Aug high C =23.3
| Sep high C =19.7
| Oct high C =13.8
| Nov high C =6.7
| Dec high C =2.3
| Jan mean C =-2.5
| Feb mean C =-0.7
| Mar mean C =3.7
| Apr mean C =8.0
| May mean C =12.9
| Jun mean C =16.2
| Jul mean C =17.8
| Aug mean C =17.2
| Sep mean C =13.7
| Oct mean C =8.6
| Nov mean C =3.1
| Dec mean C =-1.0
| Jan low C =-6.5
| Feb low C =-5.4
| Mar low C =-1.7
| Apr low C =2.2
| May low C =6.8
| Jun low C =10.2
| Jul low C =11.6
| Aug low C =11.1
| Sep low C =7.8
| Oct low C =3.4
| Nov low C =-0.5
| Dec low C =-4.3
| Jan precipitation mm =86
| Feb precipitation mm =86
| Mar precipitation mm =89
| Apr precipitation mm =110
| May precipitation mm =125
| Jun precipitation mm =172
| Jul precipitation mm =177
| Aug precipitation mm =153
| Sep precipitation mm =104
| Oct precipitation mm =91
| Nov precipitation mm =96
| Dec precipitation mm =104
| source = ^[1]
}}

History

Iron Age

In 1846, Johann Georg Ramsauer (1795–1874) discovered a large prehistoric cemetery at the Salzberg mines near Hallstatt ({{coor|47.561|N|13.642|E|}}), which he excavated during the second half of the 19th century. Eventually the excavation would yield 1,045 burials, although no settlement has yet been found. This may be covered by the later village, which has long occupied the entire narrow strip between the steep hillsides and the lake.

Some 1,300 burials have been found, including around 2,000 individuals, with women and children but few infants.^[2] Nor is there a "princely" burial, as often found near large settlements. Instead, there are a large number of burials varying considerably in the number and richness of the grave goods, but with a high proportion containing goods suggesting a life well above subsistence level.

The community at Hallstatt exploited the salt mines in the area, which had been worked from time to time since the Neolithic period, from the 8th to 5th centuries BC. The style and decoration of the grave goods found in the cemetery are very distinctive, and artifacts made in this style are widespread in Europe. In the mine workings themselves, the salt has preserved many organic materials such as textiles, wood and leather, and many abandoned artefacts such as shoes, pieces of cloth, and tools including miner's backpacks, have survived in good condition.^[3]

Finds at Hallstatt extend from about 1200 BC until around 500 BC, and are divided by archaeologists into four phases:

Hallstatt A-B are part of the Bronze Age Urnfield culture. Phase A saw Villanovan influence. In this period, people were cremated and buried in simple graves. In phase B, tumulus (barrow or kurgan) burial becomes common, and cremation predominates. Little is known about this period in which the typical Celtic elements have not yet distinguished themselves from the earlier Villanova-culture.

The "Hallstatt period" proper is restricted to HaC and HaD (8th to 5th centuries BC), corresponding to the early European Iron Age. Hallstatt lies in the area where the western and eastern zones of the Hallstatt culture meet, which is reflected in the finds from there.^[4] Hallstatt D is succeeded by the La Tène culture.

Hallstatt C is characterized by the first appearance of iron swords mixed amongst the bronze ones. Inhumation and cremation co-occur.

For the final phase, Hallstatt D, daggers, almost to the exclusion of swords, are found in western zone graves ranging from c. 600–500 BC.^[5] There are also differences in the pottery and brooches. Burials were mostly inhumations. Halstatt D has been further divided into the sub-phases D1-D3, relating only to the western zone, and mainly based on the form of brooches.^[6]

Major activity at the site appears to have finished about 500 BC, for reasons that are unclear. Many Hallstatt graves were robbed, probably at this time. There was widespread disruption throughout the western Hallstatt zone, and the salt workings had by then become very deep.^[7] By then the focus of salt mining had shifted to the nearby Hallein Salt Mine, with graves at Dürrnberg nearby where there are significant finds from the late Hallstatt and early La Tène periods.

Much of the material from early excavations was dispersed,^[8] and is now found in many collections, especially German and Austrian museums, but the Hallstatt Museum in the town has the largest collection.

Romans onwards

There are no recorded notable events that took place in Hallstatt during Roman rule or the early Middle Ages. In 1311, the Hallstatt citizens were vested with market rights by Queen dowager Elizabeth, a sign that it had not lost its economic value. Today, apart from production of salt, which since 1595 has been transported 40 kilometres from Hallstatt to Ebensee via a brine pipeline, tourism plays a major factor in the town's economic life.

Tourists are told that Hallstatt is the site of "the world's oldest pipeline",^[9] which was constructed 400 years ago from 13,000 hollowed-out trees.^[10] There is so little space for cemeteries that every ten years bones used to be exhumed and removed into an ossuary, to make room for new burials.^[10] A collection of elaborately decorated skulls with the deceased's name, profession, date of death inscribed on them is on display at the local chapel.^[11]

19th century

Until the late 19th century, it was only possible to reach Hallstatt by boat or via narrow trails. The land between the lake and mountains was sparse, and the town itself exhausted every free patch of it. Access between houses on the river bank was by boat or over the upper path, a small corridor passing through attics. The first road to Hallstatt was only built in 1890, along the west shore, partially by rock blasting. Nevertheless, this secluded and inhospitable landscape counts as one of the first places of human settlement due to the rich sources of natural salt, which have been mined for thousands of years, originally in the shape of hearts owing to the use of antler picks.^[10]

Some of Hallstatt's oldest archaeological finds, such as a shoe-last celt, date back to around 5500 BC. In 1846 Johann Georg Ramsauer discovered a large prehistoric cemetery near the current location of Hallstatt. Ramsauer's work at the Hallstatt cemeteries continued until 1863, unearthing more than 1000 burials. It is to his credit and to the enormous benefit of archaeology that he proceeded to excavate each one with the same slow, methodical care as the first.

His methods included measuring and drawing each find. In an age before colour photography, he produced very detailed watercolours of each assemblage before it was removed from the ground. In the history of archaeology Ramsauer's work at Hallstatt helped usher in a new, more systematic way of doing archaeology. In addition, one of the first blacksmith sites was excavated there. Active trade, and thus wealth, allowed for the development of a highly developed culture, which, after findings in the Salzberghochtal, was named the Hallstatt culture. This lasted from approximately 800 to 500 BC.

Politics

International relations

Twin towns — sister cities

Replica

On 16 June 2011, plans to build a replica in China were first reported.^[13] On 2 June 2012, it was reported that Chinese mining company China Minmetals Corporation built a full-scale replica of the entire town in Huizhou, Guangdong province.^[14]

Gallery