“Beethoven Burst (GRB 991216)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

GRB 991216, nicknamed the Beethoven Burst by Dr. Brad Schaefer of Yale University, was a gamma-ray burst observed on December 16, 1999,^[1] coinciding with the 229th anniversary of Ludwig van Beethoven's birth.^[2] A gamma-ray burst is a highly luminous flash associated with an explosion in a distant galaxy and producing gamma rays, the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, and often followed by a longer-lived "afterglow" emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and radio).

The optical afterglow of the burst reached an apparent magnitude of 18.7, making the Beethoven Burst one of the brightest bursts ever detected, even though it occurred about 10 billion light years from Earth.^[1] Frank Marshall, a NASA astrophysicist at the Goddard Space Flight Center, commented that "this was by far the brightest burst we have detected in a long time."^[3] The burst's peak flux ranked it as the second most powerful burst that the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) had ever detected.^[4] The analysis of the observations strengthened the theory that gamma-ray bursts are a result of a hypernova,^[5] though other possible progenitors exist, such as the merger of two black holes.

Within four hours of the burst's detection, observations made by BATSE and the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer were able to determine the burst's position of α = 77.38 ± 0.04, δ = 11.30 ± 0.05.^[6] This rapid determination allowed astronomers to conduct follow-up studies using optical and X-ray telescopes. Other instruments which detected GRB 991216 included the Chandra X-ray Observatory, the MDM Observatory,^[7] and the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope.^[8] This was the first use of the Chandra X-ray Observatory for the purpose of gamma-ray burst detection.^[7]

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast22dec99_1.htm |title=Gamma-ray astronomers get a special star on their Christmas tree |publisher=Science.nasa.gov |date=1996-09-24 |accessdate=2010-03-19}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mpe.mpg.de/~jcg/grb991216.html |title=Gamma-ray Burst 991216 |publisher=Mpe.mpg.de |date= |accessdate=2010-03-19}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/features/news/30dec99.html |title=The Universe Lights Up on Beethoven's Birthday |publisher=Imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-03-19}}
4. ^{{cite journal|doi = 10.1086/317102|title = RJK Band Observations of the Optical Afterglow of GRB 991216 | url = http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/543/1/61/fulltext?ejredirect=migration | journal = Astrophysical Journal | volume = 543 | pages = 61–65 | date = 1 November 2000 | author = Garnavich, Peter M. | accessdate = 18 March 2010 | bibcode=2000ApJ...543...61G|arxiv = astro-ph/0003429 | issue=1|display-authors=etal}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2000/0596/ |title=Chandra :: Photo Album :: GRB 991216 :: 03 Nov 00 |publisher=Chandra.harvard.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-03-19| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100212100727/http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2000/0596/| archivedate= 12 February 2010 | deadurl= no}}
6. ^{{cite web | author = Takeshima, T. | year = 1999 | url = http://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn/gcn3/478.gcn3 | title = GRB 991216--Summary of RXTE Observations | publisher = NASA | accessdate = 18 March 2010|display-authors=etal}}
7. ^¹{{cite web | url = http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/features/news/30dec99.html | title = The Universe Lights Up on Beethoven's Birthday | publisher = NASA Goddard Space Flight Center | date = 30 December 1999 | accessdate = 18 March 2010 }}
8. ^{{cite web | title = HST/STIS Images of GRB 991216 | url = http://www.stsci.edu/~fruchter/GRB/991216/index.html | author = Fruchter, Andy | publisher = Space Telescope Science Institute | accessdate = 18 March 2010}}