“Hamburg culture”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Hamburg culture or Hamburgian (15,500-13,100 BP) was a Late Upper Paleolithic culture of reindeer hunters in northwestern Europe during the last part of the Weichsel Glaciation beginning during the Bölling interstadial.^[1] Sites are found close to the ice caps of the time.^[2]

The Hamburg Culture has been identified at many places, for example, the settlement at Meiendorf and Ahrensburg^[3] north of Hamburg, Germany. It is characterized by shouldered points and zinken tools, which were used as chisels when working with antler. In later periods tanged Havelte-type points appear, sometimes described as most of all a northwestern phenomenon. Notwithstanding the spread over a large geographical area in which a homogeneous development is not to be expected, the definition of the Hamburgian as a technological complex of its own has not recently been questioned.^[2]

The culture spread from northern France to southern Scandinavia in the north and to Poland in the east. In Britain a related culture is called Creswellian{{reference needed|date=August 2017}}.

In the early 1980s, the first find from the culture in Scandinavia was excavated at Jels in Sønderjylland. Recently,{{When?|date=December 2015}} new finds have been discovered at, for example, Finja in northern Skåne. The latest findings (2005) have shown that these people travelled far north along the Norwegian coast dryshod during the summer, since the sea level was {{convert|50|m|ft}} lower than today.{{reference needed|date=October 2017}}

In northern Germany, camps with layers of detritus have been found. In the layers, there is a great deal of horn and bone, and it appears that the reindeer was an important prey.

The distribution of the finds in the settlements show that the settlements were small and only inhabited by a small group of people. At a few settlements, archaeologists have discovered circles of stones, interpreted as weights for a teepee covering.^[4]

See also

References

1. ^It is obvious, for instance, that the Hamburgian culture cannot be related to a so-called 'Meiendorf interstadial' which was distinguished erroneously and which attributed too high an age to the culture. Burdukiewicz, Jan Michał (1986) The late Pleistocene shouldered point assemblages in western Europe (originally published in Polish in 1982) E.J. Brill, Leiden, The Nederlands, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N7B4zlBmUcsC&pg=PA108 page 108], {{ISBN|978-90-04-08100-0}}
2. ^¹From the First Humans to the Mesolithic Hunters in the Northern German Lowlands, Current Results and Trends - THOMAS TERBERGER. From: Across the western Baltic, edited by: Keld Møller Hansen & Kristoffer Buck Pedersen, 2006, {{ISBN|87-983097-5-7}}, Sydsjællands Museums Publikationer Vol. 1 {{cite web |url=http://www.uni-greifswald.de/~histor/~ufg/mitarbeiter/terberger/Terberger1_LoRes.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-10-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911072452/http://www.uni-greifswald.de/~histor/~ufg/mitarbeiter/terberger/Terberger1_LoRes.pdf |archivedate=2008-09-11 |df= }}
3. ^Der umstrittene Ehrenbürger - Region - Stormarn - Hamburger Abendblatt
4. ^{{cite book|author1=Jim Grant|author2=Sam Gorin|author3=Neil Fleming|title=The Archaeology Coursebook: An Introduction to Themes, Sites, Methods and Skills|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05msBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA299|date=27 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-54111-0|pages=299–}}