| 词条 | Belle Isle Park (Michigan) | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Belle Isle Park | photo = Belle Isle casino and fountain - Detroit Michigan.jpg | photo_alt = Belle Isle Park | photo_caption = James Scott Memorial Fountain, with the Belle Isle Casino in the background | type = State park | map = Michigan | map_width = | location = Detroit, Michigan, U.S. | nearest_city = | coords = {{coord|42|20|25|N|82|59|12|W|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = {{convert|982|acre|ha}} | created = 1845 (2014 as a state park)[1] | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | operator = State of Michigan | website = Official website | embedded = {{Infobox NRHP | embed = yes | name = Belle Isle | nrhp_type = hd | nocat = yes | image = | caption = | location = Detroit River | built = | architect = Frederick Law Olmsted | architecture = | added = February 25, 1974 | governing_body = State | refnum = 74000999[1] | designated_other1= Michigan State Historic Site | designated_other1_link = Michigan State Historic Preservation Office | designated_other1_num_position = bottom }} Belle Isle Park, more commonly known simply as Belle Isle ({{IPAc-en|b|ɛ|l|ˈ|aɪ|ə|l}}), is a {{convert|982|acre|sqmi ha|adj=on}} island park in the Detroit River between Michigan and Ontario. The U.S.-Canada border is in the channel south of Belle Isle such that the island is not in Canada. Owned by the city of Detroit, Belle Isle is managed as a state park by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources through a 30-year lease initiated in 2013; it was previously a city park.[2] Belle Isle is the largest city-owned island park in the United States and is the third largest island in the Detroit River after Grosse Ile and Fighting Island. It is connected to mainland Detroit by the MacArthur Bridge. The island is home to the Belle Isle Aquarium, the Belle Isle Conservatory, the [https://belleislenaturecenter.detroitzoo.org/ Belle Isle Nature Center], the Detroit Boat Club, the James Scott Memorial Fountain, the Dossin Great Lakes Museum, a municipal golf course, a half-mile (800 m) swimming beach, and numerous monuments, among other attractions. It is also the site of a Coast Guard station. The Detroit Yacht Club sits on an adjacent island, connected to Belle Isle by a bridge. The former Belle Isle Zoo site is now closed. HistoryThe island was settled by French colonists in the 18th century, who named it Île aux Cochons (Hog Island), after the livestock that were allowed free range. The Island was once the estate of American General Alexander Macomb, Jr., whose monument stands in the Washington Boulevard Historic District in downtown Detroit. On July 4, 1845, a historic picnic party was held on the island to change the name to "Belle Isle" in honor of Miss Isabelle Cass, the daughter of then Governor (General) Lewis Cass. The name Belle Isle (an archaic spelling of Belle Île) means "beautiful island" in French. The prominent American urban park designer Frederick Law Olmsted created a design for the island in the 1880s. He was known for his design of Central Park in New York. But only some elements of his design were completed. The 1908 Belle Isle Casino building is not a gambling facility but rather, is used for occasional public events. Highlights of Belle Isle include a botanical garden and the Belle Isle Conservatory (1904). Both the conservatory and the adjacent aquarium were designed by Detroit architect Albert Kahn, who designed city landmarks such as Cadillac Place and the Ford Rouge Factory. One night in 1908, Byron Carter of Cartercar stopped to help a stranded motorist on Belle Isle. When he cranked her Cadillac, it kicked back and broke his jaw. Complications from the injury resulted in pneumonia and he died. The incident motivated Henry Leland, founder of Cadillac Motors, to state that "The Cadillac car will kill no more men if we can help it". He hired Charles Kettering, who established Delco and developed the electric self-starter. This soon became standard on all automobiles.[3] The island park served as a staging ground by the U.S. military during World War II for a re-enactment of a Pacific island invasion by the Navy and Marine Corps. The island was temporarily renamed Bella Jima, and Detroiters were treated to the sight of an island invasion without the bloodshed. It was conducted after the invasion of Iwo Jima.[4] Architect Cass Gilbert designed Belle Isle's James Scott Memorial Fountain, completed in 1925. Gilbert's other works include the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, DC.[5] William Livingstone Memorial Light, the only marble lighthouse in the United States, is located on the east end of the island, and features sumptuous materials and architecture. It was named for the president of the Lakes Carriers Association, who advocated safety and navigational improvements in Great Lakes shipping.[6][7] Additional recreational options include a nature center, wheelchair accessible nature trail, fishing piers, playgrounds, picnic shelters, and handball, tennis and basketball courts, baseball fields, and cricket pitch. At one time, the island housed a canoe concession, which provided rental canoes and stored private ones. Canoe riders often stopped at the nearby Remick Band Shell, which hosted regular concerts from 1950 to 1980. The band shell replaced an earlier facility and provided more amenities for performers and audience members. It was constructed at a cost of $150,000 and was named for resident Jerome H. Remick, who owned the world's largest music publishing house at the time.[8] Nicholas Kerschen and his family, immigrants from Luxembourg, operated a farm on Belle Isle from 1895 until the early 1900s, according to Kerschen family history.[9] The Detroit Boat Club moved rented facilities on the island from 1902 until 1996. The marina and building are currently closed, and only rowing activities still occur at that location. The Belle Isle Golf Course opened in 1922. The Detroit Yacht Club building dates to 1923 and still houses an active private sailing club; it also offers swimming and other country club amenities. The Activities Building was the site of a restaurant. The Flynn Pavilion (1949) was designed by Eero Saarinen and used for ice skating rental. A ferry service to the island existed from 1840–1957, although the bridge was completed to the island in 1923. Riding stables were housed in an 1863 market building that was relocated from Detroit to the island in the 1890s. The building was disassembled and stored by Greenfield Village in the 2000s. The park headquarters and police station are each located in 1860s-era houses. The island was home to a large herd of European fallow deer from the 1890s. But, this isolated population fell prey to disease at the close of the 20th century as a result of cyclic inbreeding. In 2004, the last of the 300 animals were captured and moved to the Detroit Zoo and nature center, located on Belle Isle. The children's zoo on the island and the aquarium closed due to budget constraints. The Belle Isle Aquarium reopened on August 18, 2012, and is now run by the Belle Isle Conservancy. It originally opened on August 18, 1904, and was the oldest continually operating public aquarium in North America when it closed on April 3, 2005. The aquarium was operated by the Detroit Zoological Society prior to the 2005 closure. It is open to the public from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm every Saturday and Sunday, free of charge. The {{convert|10000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} historic building features a single large gallery with an arched ceiling covered in green glass tile to evoke an underwater feeling. After years of problems, in 2013, the city of Detroit declared bankruptcy. A State Emergency Manager was appointed by the state government to oversee the city's finances. As part of the process, the state proposed taking over Belle Isle and converting it into a state park. Michigan Governor Rick Snyder signed a lease on October 1, 2013, to lease the park from the city for 30 years; while the city council rejected that offer in mid-October, the Michigan Emergency Loan Board opted for the state's proposal on November 12, 2013. It set a 90-day transition period beginning on December 1, 2013, to turn the park operations over to the state. As a state park, it now requires users entering by car or motorcycle to either pay the standard state park user entrance fee or to have a Michigan Recreational Passport sticker on the license plate of their vehicles. There is no charge for those who walk, bicycle or jog to the park.[10] The state has promised to make up to $20 million in improvements to the park over the next three years.[11] Belle Isle formally became a state park on February 10, 2014. Belle Isle was the top-visited state park in Michigan in 2016, receiving more than 4 million visitors. Since the state took control in 2014, it has invested $32 million in renovation and improvements in the park.[12] The park is one of the termini for the cross-state Iron Belle Trail, which consists of separate hiking and biking trails.[13] EventsAuto racing{{main|Chevrolet Dual in Detroit}}In 1992, a temporary street race circuit was constructed on the isle for CART races. The island hosted ten events at Belle Isle from 1992–2001, and racing resumed in 2007 as part of the IndyCar Series and American Le Mans Series. On December 18, 2008, the scheduled race for 2009 was canceled. The automotive economic crisis, and its impact on the Detroit-area was the primary reason. Roger Penske did not rule out a return in the future.[14][15] On September 20, 2011, race organizers gained approval from Detroit City Council to use the updated track and support area on Belle Isle.[16] On October 11, 2011, it was announced that the race would return in 2012.[17] The race continues to be held annually, as of June 2016. The race weekend will feature IndyCar as well as Tudor United SportsCar Championship and Pirelli World Challenge races. MusicPlans are underway to renew the tradition of Summer concert band performances for 2018 at the Remick Band Shell. Various Detroit-area concert bands are planning on performing on Sunday afternoons at the Band Shell. For instance, the Heritage Concert Band of Troy is scheduled to team with the Belgian American Association Band for a joint performance on July 29, 2018, at 1:30PM (tentative time). Many of the musicians belong to both concert bands. It was announced that Belle Isle would be the site of heavy metal band Metallica's 2013 Orion Music + More Festival, guaranteeing $100,000 in revenue. On December 26, 2012, Detroit Councilman Ken Cockrel Jr. confirmed rumors that the city was in the process of confirming 2014 and 2015 as well to take place at Belle Isle. However, in 2013 the festival series was canceled permanently due to financial constraints. SoccerBelle Isle was home to the Detroit Futbol League, but games are now held at the Fort Wayne grounds due to field conditions at Belle Isle. AttractionsJames Scott Memorial Fountain{{main|James Scott Memorial Fountain}}The James Scott Memorial Fountain is a monument located in Belle Isle Park, in Detroit, Michigan. Designed by architect Cass Gilbert and sculptor Herbert Adams, the fountain was completed in 1925 at a cost of $500,000. The lower bowl has a diameter of 510 ft (160 m) and the central spray reaches 125 ft (38 m). The fountain honors the controversial James Scott, who left $200,000 to the City of Detroit for a fountain in tribute to himself. Belle Isle Aquarium{{main|Belle Isle Aquarium}}The Belle Isle Aquarium is a public aquarium located in Belle Isle Park in Detroit, Michigan. Designed by architect Albert Kahn, it opened on August 18, 1904, and was the oldest continually operating public aquarium in North America when it closed on April 3, 2005. The aquarium reopened to the public on August 18, 2012, and is now run by the Belle Isle Conservancy. The 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) historic building features a single large gallery with an arched ceiling covered in green glass tile to evoke an underwater feeling. The aquarium was operated by the Detroit Zoological Society prior to the 2005 closure. It is currently operated by the Belle Isle Conservancy. Belle Isle Conservatory{{main|Belle Isle Conservatory}}The Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory (commonly and locally known as the Belle Isle Conservatory) is a greenhouse and botanical garden which opened in 1904. Located three miles (4.8 km) east of the city's downtown, on Belle Isle, it covers {{convert|13|acre|ha}}. The Belle Isle Conservatory was built in 1904, designed by architect Albert Kahn, and rebuilt 1952-1954 with aluminum replacing its original wooden beams. In 1953, it was named in honor of Anna Scripps Whitcomb, who left her 600-plant orchid collection to the city. Thanks to her gift and subsequent donations, the conservatory is now home to one of the largest municipally-owned orchid collections in the United States. Rare orchids were saved from Great Britain during the World War II bombing and transported to the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory. Due to a lack of maintenance and budget cuts in recent years, the vast majority of orchids have now died. The conservatory site contains formal perennial gardens, annual flower beds, a rose garden, and lily pond garden. The conservatory itself covers more than an acre, features an imposing central dome 85 feet (26 m) high (with a total volume of 100,601 cubic feet), and is organized as a palm house in the dome, the north and south wings, and a show house. The south wing contains tropical plants of economic importance such as bananas, oranges, coffee, sugar cane, and orchids. The north wing hosts the extensive collections of ferns, cacti, and succulents. The show house, remodeled 1980-1981, features a continuous display of blooming plants. Belle Isle Nature Center{{details| [https://belleislenaturecenter.detroitzoo.org/ Belle Isle Nature Center]}}The Belle Isle Nature Center (BINC)[43] encompasses approximately 4 acres (1.6 ha) of undisturbed forested wetland on Belle Isle in Detroit, Mich. The Nature Zoo provides year-round educational, recreational and environmental conservation opportunities for the community. A Deer Encounter, where fallow deer that once roamed the island can be fed by visitors, is part of a multi-phase project to convert the former nature center on Belle Isle into a Nature Zoo focusing on Michigan wildlife, flora and fauna. The Nature Zoo also includes a renovated auditorium, a turtle exhibit featuring native Michigan turtles, an indoor beehive allowing year-round viewing of bee behavior, a spider exhibit and a Creation Station for children's educational programming.[42][44] Dossin Great Lakes Museum{{main|Dossin Great Lakes Museum}}The Dossin Great Lakes Museum is a maritime museum. Located on The Strand on Belle Isle Park, this museum places special interest on Detroit's role on national and regional maritime history. The {{convert|16000|sqft|adj=on}} museum features exhibits such as one of the largest collection of model ships in the world, and the bow anchor of the legendary SS Edmund Fitzgerald. StatisticsAt {{convert|982|acre|sqmi ha}}, Belle Isle Park was the largest city island park (prior to its transfer to the State of Michigan as a state park) and is larger than Central Park in New York City, also designed by Olmsted. Detroit's River Rouge Park is {{convert|1172|acre|sqmi ha}}. Prior to Belle Isle becoming a state park, the City's Parks and Recreation Department managed {{convert|6000|acre|sqmi ha}} of parks (now approximately {{convert|5000|acre|sqmi ha}}). The Huron-Clinton Metroparks authority manages {{convert|24000|acre|sqmi ha}} of parks and beaches; however, this does not include all parks in the area. There are thousands of additional acres of parks in metropolitan Detroit. GallerySee also{{Portal|Metro Detroit}}
References1. ^{{NRISref|2009a}} 2. ^1 {{cite press release|title=Belle Isle becomes a state park today, improvements continue |url=http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-153-10371_10402-321698--,00.html |date=February 10, 2014 |publisher=Michigan Department of Natural Resources |accessdate=2014-05-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214819/http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0%2C4570%2C7-153-10371_10402-321698--%2C00.html |archivedate=May 12, 2014 |df= }} 3. ^{{cite book| last=Bernstein| first=Mark| title=Grand Eccentrics: Turning the Century: Dayton and the Inventing of America| location=Wilmington| publisher=Orange Frazer Press| date=November 1, 1996| page=119| isbn=978-1882203130}} 4. ^{{Cite book| last1=Rodriguez| first1=Michael| first2=Thomas| last2=Featherstone| title=Detroit's Belle Isle Island Park Gem| url=http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=VPROD&Product_Code=9780738523156| publisher=Arcadia Publishing| page=85| year=2003| isbn=0-7385-2315-1}} 5. ^{{cite news|last=Lochbiler |first=Don |date=November 7, 1997 |url=http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=193 |title=Michigan History: Detroit's fountain of mirth |work=The Detroit News |accessdate=2008-01-06 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 6. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=163 |title=William Livingstone Memorial, MI| publisher=Lighthousefriends.com |accessdate=2014-05-08}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://lighthouse.boatnerd.com/gallery/Detroit/LivingstonMem.htm |title=William Livingstone Memorial Light |last=Wobser |first=Dave |publisher=Lighthouses of the Great Lakes |accessdate=2014-05-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102210140/http://lighthouse.boatnerd.com/gallery/Detroit/LivingstonMem.htm |archivedate=2013-11-02 |df= }} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=78 |title=Leonard B. Smith and the Detroit Concert Band |work=The Detroit News |date=July 16, 1997 |author=Vivian M. Baluch |accessdate=2010-10-25 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 9. ^{{cite web| title=Kerschen.org| url=http://kerschen.org/| accessdate=November 1, 2013}} 10. ^Belle Isle, City of Detroit Recreation Department {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115122359/http://www.detroitmi.gov/DepartmentsandAgencies/RecreationDepartment/BelleIsle.aspx |date=January 15, 2013 }} 11. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20131112/NEWS01/311120055/Michigan-board-to-consider-Belle-Isle-lease-proposals |title=Michigan board approves 30-year deal to lease Belle Isle to state |publisher=freep.com |date=2013-11-12 |accessdate=2013-11-12}} 12. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2017/05/09/attendance-investment-belle-isle/101466812/|title= Attendance, and investment up at Belle Isle| date=May 9, 2017}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url= http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-153-10365_16839_16840-337559--,00.html |title= FAQ about Michigan's Iron Belle Trail |publisher= Michigan DNR |date= February 7, 2015 |accessdate= February 7, 2015}} 14. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.indystar.com/article/20081218/SPORTS0107/81218065|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130104102202/http://www.indystar.com/article/20081218/SPORTS0107/81218065|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2013-01-04|title=Detroit IndyCar race no-go for 2009|publisher=indystar.com|date=2008-12-18|accessdate=2008-12-18}} 15. ^{{cite news |url=http://auto-racing.speedtv.com/article/indycar-detroit-cancelled-for-2009-vision-racing-trims-staff/ |title=INDYCAR: Detroit Cancelled for 2009, Vision Racing Trims Staff |publisher=speedtv.com |date=2008-12-18 |accessdate=2008-12-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219104659/http://auto-racing.speedtv.com/article/indycar-detroit-cancelled-for-2009-vision-racing-trims-staff/ |archivedate=19 December 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 16. ^{{cite news|url=http://espn.go.com/racing/story/_/id/6998042/city-council-oks-detroit-grand-prix-request|title=City Council OKs Detroit Grand Prix request|publisher=espn.com|date=2011-09-20|accessdate=2011-09-20}} 17. ^{{cite news|last=Brudenell |first=Mike |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20111012/SPORTS16/111012026/Belle-Isle-will-host-2012-Detroit-Grand-Prix?odyssey=nav |title=Chevrolet, Roger Penske bring 2012 Detroit Grand Prix back to Belle Isle |publisher=Freep.com |date=2013-10-28 |accessdate=2013-11-01}} Further reading
External links{{commons category|Belle Isle Park}}
|list ={{Michigan state parks}}{{Parks in metropolitan Detroit}}{{Architecture of metropolitan Detroit}}{{National Register of Historic Places listings in Wayne County, Michigan}}{{Detroit}}{{National Register of Historic Places in Michigan}}{{Grand-Am circuits}} }} 12 : Belle Isle Park (Michigan)|Parks in Detroit|State parks of Michigan|National Register of Historic Places in Detroit|Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan|Islands of the Detroit River|Metro Detroit|Michigan State Historic Sites in Wayne County, Michigan|Frederick Law Olmsted works|Urban public parks|Islands of Wayne County, Michigan|1845 establishments in Michigan |
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