| 词条 | Benedict Swingate Calvert | |||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Benedict Swingate Calvert | image = Benedict swingate calvert.jpg | caption = Benedict Swingate Calvert painted by John Wollaston c1753, five years after his marriage to Elizabeth Calvert. Collection of the Baltimore Museum of Art. | office = Judge of the Land Office | term_start = 1755 | term_end = May 13, 1777 | predecessor = | successor = St George Peale | constituency = | majority = | birth_date = January 27, 1722 | birth_place = England | death_date = {{death date and age|1788|1|9|1722|1|27}} | death_place = Maryland | parents = Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore (father) | spouse = Elizabeth Calvert | children = 13, including: Eleanor Calvert George Calvert | alma_mater = | residence = Mount Airy | occupation = planter, politician | website = }} Benedict Swingate Calvert (January 27, 1722 – January 9, 1788) was a planter, politician and a Loyalist in Maryland during the American Revolution. He was the son of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, the third Proprietor Governor of Maryland (1699–1751), and may have been the grandson of King George I of Great Britain. His mother's identity is not known, though one source suggests Melusina von der Schulenburg, Countess of Walsingham, an illegitimate daughter of the King. He was certainly a descendant of Charles II through Charlotte Lee, Countess of Lichfield, the daughter of Barbara Palmer, Duchess of Cleveland, one of the king's mistresses. As he was illegitimate, he was not able to inherit his father's title or estates, which passed instead to his half brother Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (1731–1771). Benedict Calvert spent most of his life as a politician and planter in Maryland, though Frederick, by contrast, never visited the colony. Calvert became wealthy through proprietarial patronage and became an important colonial official, but he would lose his offices and his political power, though not his land and wealth, during the American Revolution. Early lifeCalvert was born Benedict Swinket in England on January 27, 1722, the illegitimate son of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, proprietary governor of the Province of Maryland. Although his birth year has been variously given as 1724 or 1730–1732, his own grave marker in the floor of the chancery of St. Thomas Episcopal Church in Croom, Maryland shows the 1722 date, and this would appear to be the most reliable evidence available.[1] Of course, the possibility exists that he may have deliberately falsified his birthdate in order to protect or obscure the identity of his mother. His mother's identity is not clear, but H. S. Lee Washington, writing in the New England Historic Genealogical Society Register in July 1950, suggests that she was Melusina von der Schulenburg, Countess of Walsingham.[2][3][4][5] Melusina was the daughter of George I of England and his mistress, Melusine von der Schulenburg, Duchess of Kendal.[6] Whatever the truth of this, it seems likely that Calvert's mother was a person of some consequence. According to a letter of Benedict's daughter-in-law Rosalie Stier Calvert dated 10 June 1814, his mother had been a woman "of the highest rank in England".[7] Arrival in MarylandIn 1742, aged twelve or twenty years, the young Benedict was sent to the Calverts' proprietary colony of Maryland, which in the mid 18th century was still a somewhat sparsely settled, largely rural society. In 1730 the population of Annapolis was just 776.[8][9] The population of colony was 120,000 at the time. According to the letters of Rosalie Stier Calvert, Benedict was personally escorted to Annapolis on a frigate commanded by Admiral Edward Vernon[10][10][11] and once there he was placed in the care of Dr George Steuart (1700–1784), an Edinburgh-trained physician and a political ally of the ruling Calvert family.[12][13] Steuart provided the boy with a tutor, the Italian Onorio Razzolini,[14] and Benedict grew up at Steuart's house on Francis St in Annapolis, a short distance from the home of his second cousin, Elizabeth Calvert (1731–1788). Elizabeth was the daughter of Maryland Governor Captain Charles Calvert and his wife Rebecca Gerard, both of whom died young, leaving Elizabeth a wealthy heiress. Politics and marriageThrough his family connections Calvert was able to benefit from considerable proprietarial patronage, at least until the American Revolution in 1776 ended proprietarial rule in Maryland. In 1745, aged around 15 years, he was appointed by his father the Patuxent district customs collector and naval officer.[9][15] Benedict Calvert would never return to England; nor would he meet his father again. Some time before his death in 1751, Lord Baltimore wrote to his son, offering advice on marriage: Pray do not think of Marrying until you hear from me having some things to Propose for you, much for your advantage, and believe me I will never force Your Inclination, Only Propose what I think will make you most Happy, Afterwards Leave it to Your own Determination.[15] On April 21, 1748 Benedict and his cousin Elizabeth were married in St Ann's Church by the Reverend John Gordon.[16][17] The couple, aged 18 and 17 years respectively, moved into a house at State Circle, Annapolis.[10] The marriage was announced in the Maryland Gazette on April 27, 1748: Last Thursday the Honourable Benedict Calvert, Esq., Collector of His Majesty's customs for Patuxent District, etc., was married to Miss Elizabeth Calvert, only surviving Daughter of the late Honourable Charles Calvert, Esq., deceased, former Governor of this province.[18] In 1751 Calvert's father Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore died, leaving his illegitimate son the {{convert|10000|acre|km2|adj=on}} estate of Anne Arundel Manor in Anne Arundel County. Unfortunately, Lord Baltimore's legitimate son and heir, Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore, successfully challenged the will and invalidated Benedict's bequest, apparently worth £288 per annum.[19] Despite the loss of his father's bequest, Calvert's career progressed steadily. In 1755 he became a Judge of the Land Office, sitting alongside his former guardian Dr. George H. Steuart.[10][20] He was also an Annapolis councilman.[10] In 1769 his half-sister Caroline Calvert married Robert Eden (the last royal governor and ancestor of Anthony Eden, British Prime Minister) who in the same year succeeded Governor Horatio Sharpe as Governor of Maryland. Eden and Calvert shared a love of horse racing[21] and Benedict Swingate Calvert would soon find himself appointed to the Governor's Council.[22] Mount Airy PlantationIn 1751 Calvert inherited a {{convert|4000|acre|km2|adj=on}} plantation known as Mount Airy,[23] originally a hunting lodge for his great-grandfather Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore,[24] near Upper Marlboro in Prince George's County, Maryland, where he grew tobacco.[25] Mount Airy was most likely a gift from his father, Lord Baltimore, who had ensured that Calvert would be provided with lands and revenues.[26] Calvert began construction on the house at Mount Airy in 1751, expanding it considerably, to create the house which still survives today.[33] Building continued in spite of a fire, rumored to be arson, in 1752.[27] By the 1770s Benedict Swingate Calvert controlled a large and profitable estate of around {{convert|4000|acre|km2}}, with upwards of 150 slaves. He was also an enthusiastic horse breeder, training thoroughbreds and running them in competitions in Maryland and Virginia.[21] According to the writer Abbe Robin, who travelled through Maryland during the Revolutionary War, men of Calvert's class and status enjoyed considerable wealth and prosperity: [Maryland houses] are large and spacious habitations, widely separated, composed of a number of buildings and surrounded by plantations extending farther than the eye can reach, cultivated...by unhappy black men whom European avarice brings hither...Their furniture is of the most costly wood, and rarest marbles, enriched by skilful and artistic work. Their elegant and light carriages are drawn by finely bred horses, and driven by richly apparelled slaves.[22] In 1774, Calvert's daughter Eleanor Calvert (1758–1811), married John Parke Custis, son of Martha Washington and the stepson of George Washington. Washington himself did not approve of the match owing to the couple's youth, but eventually gave his consent,[25][28] and was present at the wedding celebrations, which took place at Mount Airy.[27] American RevolutionAs a member of the Maryland political establishment, Calvert was a Loyalist, and he soon found himself on the losing side of the Revolutionary War, the consequences of which would effectively end his political career. The Annapolis Convention of 1774 to 1776 would see the old Maryland elite overthrown, and Calvert, Eden and Steuart would all lose their political power. On May 13, 1777 he was forced to resign his position as Judge of the Land Office,[29] and, as the conflict grew, Calvert became fearful of his family's safety, writing in late 1777 that his family "has been made so uneasy by these frequent outrages" that he wished to "remove my family and property where I can get protection".[30] Calvert did not leave Maryland, nor did he involve himself in the fighting, even though many other Maryland Loyalists went on to form a Maryland Loyalists Battalion. On occasion Calvert supplied the Continental Army with food and provisions. In spite of the war, on June 15, 1780 Calvert's daughter Elizabeth was married to Charles Steuart, son of Calvert's benefactor George H. Steuart, at Mount Airy.[31] After the warAfter the war's end, Calvert had to pay triple taxes as did other Loyalists, but he was never forced to sign the loyalty oath and his lands and property remained unconfiscated.[32] Calvert's Loyalism does not appear to have affected his cordial relations with the leader of the Revolution, George Washington. Most likely this was because of the marriage in 1774 of Washington's stepson to Calvert's daughter. In 1783, after the war was over, Washington stayed with the Calverts at their Mount Airy plantation, shortly after resigning his commission in Annapolis on December 23.[33] Because Calvert was a known Loyalist, the visit drew much criticism from Washington's political enemies.[34] Family lifeBenedict and Elizabeth Calvert had thirteen children, many of whom died in childhood or infancy:[35]
Death and legacyBenedict Swingate Calvert died at Mount Airy on January 9, 1788.[17] He was buried beneath the chancel of the church of St Thomas in Croom, Prince George's County, Maryland, a church which Calvert had helped to found and maintain.[18] Calvert's descendants continued to live at the Mount Airy plantation house until the early 20th century. In 1973, it was acquired by the State of Maryland and became Rosaryville State Park.[38] {{clear right}}
Modern archeologyThe Calverts' house at 58 State Circle, Annapolis, was the subject of an archaeological dig in the 1980s and early 1990s. The results of the dig, along with much other research, were published in 1994 by Anne Elizabeth Yentsch in her book A Chesapeake Family and their Slaves, published by Cambridge University Press. The excavation of the Calvert House was financed by Historic Annapolis Inc, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and other institutions.[39] See also
Notes1. ^[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/31102503 Find A Grave webpage for Benedict Swingate Calvert containing a photo of the plaque] Retrieved July 23, 2015 2. ^Washington, S. H. L., The Royal Stuarts in America, New England Historical and Genealogical Register, July 1950, p.173-75 3. ^Callcott, p.270 suggests that this connection is not reliable, stating that "the connection between Benedict Calvert and the Countess of Walsingham in this article rests on 'family letters' whose location is not given." 4. ^Webpage exploring possible maternity of Benedict Swingate Calvert Retrieved Jan 23 2010 5. ^Discussion at Wargs.com of Benedict Swingate Calvert's ancestry G. S. H. Lee Washington also published Two scions of the Royal Stuarts in Colonial America, in Notes and Queries, vol. 198, no. 2 (December 1953), pp. 527-529, in which he withdrew the claim of descent from the Countess of Walsingham and identified a different mother for Benedict Swingate Calvert. In a later article, Family knowledge in genealogy, in Notes and Queries, vol. 210, no. 2 (February 1965), pp. 43-47, Washington withdrew both previous claims and identified a different mother entirely. Retrieved September 2010 6. ^Benedict Swingate Calvert at http://theojanssen.ca retrieved Jan 23 2010 7. ^Callcott, p.268 8. ^Yentsch, p.39 9. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jJX672KW8TMC&pg=PA260&dq=benedict+swingate+calvert+steuart&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Yentsch, Anne E, p.260, A Chesapeake Family and their Slaves: a Study in Historical Archaeology, Cambridge University Press (1994)] Retrieved Jan 2010 10. ^Letter to H. J. Stier, dated 10 June 1814, from Rosalie Stier Calvert at Riversdale. Calcott, p.268 11. ^Calcott p.270 says that this is unlikely, as Admiral Vernon was fighting in the West Indies from 1740-42. It may have been a Captain Vernon who escorted Calvert to America. 12. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=m9rxARyL5hcC&pg=PA390&dq=charles+steuart+calvert&hl=en&ei=PsdqTN-ROIKoOKLU3Y0J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=charles%20steuart%20calvert&f=false Callcott, Margaret Law, p.390, Mistress of Riversdale: The Plantation Letters of Rosalie Stier Calvert] Retrieved August 17, 2010 13. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=B5_5Qp3_m_4C&pg=PA76&dq=george+steuart+annapolis&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3&cd=7#v=onepage&q=george%20steuart%20annapolis&f=false Eby, Jerrilynn, p.76, Laying the Hoe: a Century of Iron Manufacturing in Stafford County, Virginia, Vol 1, Heritage Books (2007).] Retrieved Jan 19 2010 14. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=hofPvrO21X0C&pg=PA23&dq=benedict+swingate+calvert&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=4#v=onepage&q=benedict%20swingate%20calvert&f=false Fucilla, Joseph Guerin, p.23, The teaching of Italian in the United States: a Documentary History Arno Press (1975)] Retrieved Jan 20 2010 15. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=AOzHicpTID0C&pg=PA187&dq=elizabeth+calvert&hl=en&ei=QvOMTLXXDsTIswaMqJHNAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=elizabeth%20calvert&f=false Hammond, John Martin, p.187, Colonial Mansions of Maryland and Delaware] Retrieved September 2010 16. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=AOzHicpTID0C&pg=PA187&dq=elizabeth+calvert&hl=en&ei=QvOMTLXXDsTIswaMqJHNAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=elizabeth%20calvert&f=false Hammond, John Martin, Colonial Mansions of Maryland and Delaware] Retrieved September 2010 17. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=mq5sidFiyHUC&pg=PA9&dq=frederick+calvert+baltimore&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3&cd=2#v=onepage&q=frederick%20calvert%20baltimore&f=false Russell, George, p.8, The Ark and the Dove Adventurers] Retrieved Jan 28 2010 18. ^1 2 Letters from Lord Baltimore to Benedict Swingate Calvert Retrieved August 10, 2010 19. ^Calcott, p. 270 says that Calvert was informed of this by a letter from Cecilius Calvert, brother to the fifth Lord Baltimore, dated July 9, 1752 20. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=9zkwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA270&dq=steuart+judge+land+office&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=steuart%20judge%20land%20office&f=false Kilty, John, p.270, The Land-holder's Assistant, and Land-office Guide...from the Proprietary Government] Dobbin and Murphy (1808) Retrieved Jan 21 2010 21. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jJX672KW8TMC&pg=PA260&dq=benedict+swingate+calvert+steuart&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Yentsch, Anne E, p.264, A Chesapeake Family and their Slaves: a Study in Historical Archaeology, Cambridge University Press (1994)] Retrieved Jan 2010 22. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jJX672KW8TMC&pg=PA260&dq=benedict+swingate+calvert+steuart&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Yentsch, Anne E, p.265, A Chesapeake Family and their Slaves: a Study in Historical Archaeology, Cambridge University Press (1994)] Retrieved Jan 2010 23. ^1 2 3 4 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jJX672KW8TMC&pg=PA260&dq=benedict+swingate+calvert+steuart&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Yentsch, Anne E, p.261, A Chesapeake Family and their Slaves: a Study in Historical Archaeology, Cambridge University Press (1994)] Retrieved Jan 2010 24. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=jJX672KW8TMC&pg=PA260&dq=benedict+swingate+calvert+steuart&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Yentsch, Anne E, p.262, A Chesapeake Family and their Slaves: a Study in Historical Archaeology, Cambridge University Press (1994)] Retrieved Jan 2010 25. ^1 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=K6BlU1wPV7oC&pg=PA465&dq=benedict+swingate+calvert&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=3#v=onepage&q=benedict%20swingate%20calvert&f=false Maryland: Federal Writer's Project, p.465, A Guide to the Old Line State, Scholarly Pr (1973).] Retrieved Jan 20 2010 26. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=m9rxARyL5hcC&pg=PA17&dq=mount+airy+calvert&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3&cd=5#v=onepage&q=mount%20airy%20calvert&f=false Callcott, Margaret Law, p.17, Mistress of Riversdale: The Plantation Letters of Rosalie Stier Calvert, Johns Hopkins University Press (1992)] Retrieved Feb 1 2010 27. ^1 Mount Airy official website Retrieved September 2010 28. ^1 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=2ao-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA370&dq=benedict+calvert&hl=en&ei=dpFSTOTJOdC6jAea7ezCBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=benedict%20calvert&f=false Letters of George Washington] Retrieved July 31, 2010 29. ^Yentsch p.269 30. ^Yentsch p.272 31. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=AOzHicpTID0C&pg=PA187&dq=elizabeth+calvert&hl=en&ei=QvOMTLXXDsTIswaMqJHNAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=elizabeth%20calvert&f=false Hammond, John Martin, p.191 Colonial Mansions of Maryland and Delaware] Retrieved September 2010 32. ^Yentsch p.270 33. ^Yentsch p.270 34. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=4JYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA372&dq=mount+airy+calvert&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=mount%20airy%20calvert&f=false Duyckinck, Evert Augustus, p.372, Cyclopaedia of American Literature, Embracing Personal and Critical Notices of Authors, and Selections from Their Writings, Volume 2, Nabu Press (2010)] Retrieved Feb 1 2010 35. ^Genealogy of Benedict Swingate Calvert Retrieved July 2012 36. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=jJX672KW8TMC&pg=PA260&dq=benedict+swingate+calvert+steuart&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Yentsch, Anne E, p.266, A Chesapeake Family and their Slaves: a Study in Historical Archaeology, Cambridge University Press (1994)] Retrieved Jan 2010 37. ^Nelker, p.32 38. ^Mount Airy Plantation website Retrieved Jan 31 2010 39. ^Yentsch, Anne E, Preface, p.xxiii References
External links
14 : 1730s births|1788 deaths|Colonial politicians from Maryland|People of colonial Maryland|Calvert family|American Loyalists from Maryland|American people of English descent|American slave owners|People from Prince George's County, Maryland|American judges|Loyalists in the American Revolution|Steuart family|Maryland in the American Revolution|18th-century American politicians |
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