词条 | Handover of Hong Kong | |||
释义 |
The transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong,[1][2][3] commonly known as the handover of Hong Kong (or simply "the Handover", also "the Return" in mainland China and Hong Kong), was the transformation of control over the United Kingdom's then colony of Hong Kong, pursuant to which it ceased to be a British Dependent Territory and became instead a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. The returned territory comprised Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula, which were respectively ceded to Britain in 1842 and 1860, as well as the New Territories, which were leased for 99 years from 1898. The transfer was arranged to coincide with the expiration of this lease on the previous day, 30 June 1997. This Handover marked the end of British rule in Hong Kong. Hong Kong was Britain's last substantial overseas territory, with a population of approximately 6.5 million in 1997, which represented approximately 97% of the population of the British Dependant Territories as a whole at that time (the next largest, Bermuda, having a 1997 population of approximately 62,000). Consequently, the Handover is regarded by some as the final act of the British Empire, with 1 July 1997 as being the end date of the British Empire. OverviewBy the 1820s and 1830s, the British had conquered parts of India and had intentions of growing cotton in these lands to offset the amount of cotton they were buying from America. When this endeavor failed, the British realized they could grow poppies at an incredible rate. These poppies could then be turned into opium, which the Chinese highly desired. So the British plan was grow poppies in India, convert it into opium, trade the opium in China for tea, and sell the tea back in Britain. Opium sales were highly successful and the drugs were being pushed into China at a ridiculous scale.[4] The United Kingdom obtained control over portions of Hong Kong's territory through three treaties with Qing China:
Despite the finite nature of the New Territories lease, this portion of the colony was developed just as rapidly as, and became highly integrated with, the rest of Hong Kong. By the time of serious negotiations over the future status of Hong Kong in the 1980s, it was thought impractical to separate the ceded territories and return only the New Territories to China. In addition, with the scarcity of land and natural resources in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon, large-scale infrastructure investments had been made in the New Territories, with break-evens lying well past 30 June 1997.[5] When the People's Republic of China obtained its seat in the United Nations as a result of the UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971, it began to act diplomatically on the sovereignty issues of Hong Kong and Macau. In March 1972, the Chinese UN representative, Huang Hua, wrote to the United Nations Decolonization Committee to state the position of the Chinese government: "The questions of Hong Kong and Macau belong to the category of questions resulting from the series of unequal treaties which the imperialists imposed on China. Hong Kong and Macau are part of Chinese territory occupied by the British and Portuguese authorities. The settlement of the questions of Hong Kong and Macau is entirely within China's sovereign right and do not at all fall under the ordinary category of colonial territories. Consequently they should not be included in the list of colonial territories covered by the declaration on the granting of independence to colonial territories and people. With regard to the questions of Hong Kong and Macau, the Chinese government has consistently held that they should be settled in an appropriate way when conditions are ripe."[5] The same year, on 8 November, the United Nations General Assembly passed the resolution on removing Hong Kong and Macau from the official list of colonies.[5] In March 1979 the Governor of Hong Kong, Murray MacLehose, paid his first official visit to the People's Republic of China (PRC), taking the initiative to raise the question of Hong Kong's sovereignty with Deng Xiaoping.[6] Without clarifying and establishing the official position of the PRC government, the arranging of real estate leases and loans agreements in Hong Kong within the next 18 years would become difficult.[7] In response to concerns over land leases in the New Territories, MacLehose proposed that British administration of the whole of Hong Kong, as opposed to sovereignty, be allowed to continue after 1997.[8] He also proposed that contracts include the phrase "for so long as the Crown administers the territory".[9] In fact, as early as the mid-1970s, Hong Kong had faced additional risks raising loans for large-scale infrastructure projects such as its Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system and a new airport. Caught unprepared, Deng asserted the necessity of Hong Kong's return to China, upon which Hong Kong would be given special status by the PRC government. MacLehose's visit to the PRC raised the curtain on the issue of Hong Kong's sovereignty: Britain was made aware of the PRC's aspiration to resume sovereignty over Hong Kong and began to make arrangements accordingly to ensure the sustenance of her interests within the territory, as well as initiating the creation of a withdrawal plan in case of emergency. Three years later, Deng received the former British Prime Minister Edward Heath, who had been dispatched as the special envoy of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to establish an understanding of the PRC's view with regards to the question of Hong Kong; during their meeting, Deng outlined his plans to make the territory a special economic zone, which would retain its capitalist system under Chinese sovereignty.[10] In the same year, Edward Youde, who succeeded MacLehose as the 26th Governor of Hong Kong, led a delegation of five Executive Councillors to London, including Chung Sze-yuen, Lydia Dunn, and Roger Lobo.[11] Chung presented their position on the sovereignty of Hong Kong to Thatcher, encouraging her to take into consideration the interests of the native Hong Kong population in her upcoming visit to China.[11] In light of the increasing openness of the PRC government and economic reforms on the mainland, the then British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher sought the PRC's agreement to a continued British presence in the territory.[15] However, the PRC took a contrary position: not only did the PRC wish for the New Territories, on lease until 1997, to be placed under the PRC's jurisdiction, it also refused to recognise the "unfair and unequal treaties" under which Hong Kong Island and Kowloon had been ceded to Britain in perpetuity.[12] Consequently, the PRC recognised only the British administration in Hong Kong, but not British sovereignty.[12] Talks{{quote box|title=Major events, 1979–1997 |align=right |width=30% |quote=
Before the negotiationsIn the wake of Governor MacLehose's visit, Britain and the PRC established initial diplomatic contact for further discussions of the Hong Kong question, paving the way for Thatcher's first visit to the PRC in September 1982.[13] Margaret Thatcher, in discussion with Deng Xiaoping, reiterated the validity of an extension of the lease of Hong Kong territory, particularly in light of binding treaties, including the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, the Convention of Peking in 1856, and the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory signed in 1890. In response, Deng Xiaoping cited clearly the lack of room for compromise on the question of sovereignty over Hong Kong; the PRC, as the successor of Qing dynasty and the Republic of China on the mainland, would recover the entirety of the New Territories, Kowloon and Hong Kong Island. China considered treaties about Hong Kong as unequal and ultimately refused to accept any outcome that would indicate permanent loss of sovereignty over Hong Kong's area, whatever wording the former treaties had.[14] During talks with Thatcher, China planned to invade and seize Hong Kong if the negotiations set off unrest in the colony. Thatcher later said that Deng told her bluntly that China could easily take Hong Kong by force, stating that "I could walk in and take the whole lot this afternoon", to which she replied that "there is nothing I could do to stop you, but the eyes of the world would now know what China is like".[15] After her visit with Deng in Beijing, Thatcher was received in Hong Kong as the first British Prime Minister to set foot on the territory whilst in office. At a press conference, Thatcher re-emphasised the validity of the three treaties, asserting the need for countries to respect treaties on universal terms: "There are three treaties in existence; we stick by our treaties unless we decide on something else. At the moment, we stick by our treaties.".[15] At the same time, at the 5th session of the 5th National People's Congress, the constitution was amended to include a new Article 31 which stated that the country might establish Special Administrative Regions (SARs) when necessary.[16] The additional Article would hold tremendous significance in settling the question of Hong Kong and later Macau, putting into social consciousness the concept of "One country, two systems". The concept would prove useful to deploy until the territories were secured and conditions were ripe for its gradual abrogation. Negotiations beginA few months after Thatcher's visit to Beijing, the PRC government had yet to open negotiations with the British government regarding the sovereignty of Hong Kong. Shortly before the initiation of sovereignty talks, Governor Youde declared his intention to represent the population of Hong Kong at the negotiations. This statement sparked a strong response from the PRC, prompting Deng Xiaoping to denounce talk of "the so-called 'three-legged stool'", which implied that Hong Kong was a party to talks on its future, alongside Beijing and London.[17] At the preliminary stage of the talks, the British government proposed an exchange of sovereignty for administration and the implementation of a British administration post-handover.[18] The PRC government refused, contending that the notions of sovereignty and administration were inseparable, and although it recognised Macau as a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration", this was only temporary.[19] In fact, during informal exchanges between 1979 and 1981, the PRC had proposed a "Macau solution" in Hong Kong, under which it would remain under British administration at China's discretion.[6] However, this had previously been rejected following the 1967 Leftist riots, with the then Governor, David Trench, claiming the leftists' aim was to leave the UK without effective control, or "to Macau us".[20] The conflict that arose at that point of the negotiations ended the possibility of further negotiation. During the reception of former British Prime Minister Edward Heath during his sixth visit to the PRC, Deng Xiaoping commented quite clearly on the impossibility of exchanging sovereignty for administration, declaring an ultimatum: the British government must modify or give up its position or the PRC will announce its resolution of the issue of Hong Kong sovereignty unilaterally.[21] In 1983, Typhoon Ellen ravaged Hong Kong, causing great amounts of damage to both life and property.[22] The Hong Kong dollar plummeted on Black Saturday, and the Financial Secretary John Bremridge publicly associated the economic uncertainty with the instability of the political climate.[23] In response, the PRC government condemned Britain through the press for "playing the economic card" in order to achieve their ends: to intimidate the PRC into conceding to British demands.[24] British concessionGovernor Youde with nine members of the Hong Kong Executive Council travelled to London to discuss with Prime Minister Thatcher the crisis of confidence—the problem with morale among the people of Hong Kong arising from the ruination of the Sino-British talks. The session concluded with Thatcher's writing of a letter addressed to the PRC Premier Zhao Ziyang. In the letter, she expressed Britain's willingness to explore arrangements optimising the future prospects of Hong Kong while utilising the PRC's proposals as a foundation. Furthermore, and perhaps most significantly, she expressed Britain's concession on its position of a continued British presence in the form of an administration post-handover. Two rounds of negotiations were held in October and November. On the sixth round of talks in November, Britain formally conceded its intentions of either maintaining a British administration in Hong Kong or seeking some form of co-administration with the PRC, and showed its sincerity in discussing PRC's proposal on the 1997 issue. Obstacles were cleared. Simon Keswick, chairman of Jardine Matheson & Co., said they were not pulling out of Hong Kong, but a new holding company would be established in Bermuda instead.[25] The PRC took this as yet another plot by the British. The Hong Kong government explained that it had been informed about the move only a few days before the announcement. The government would not and could not stop the company from making a business decision. Just as the atmosphere of the talks was becoming cordial, members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong felt impatient at the long-running secrecy over the progress of Sino-British talks on the Hong Kong issue. A motion, tabled by legislator Roger Lobo, declared "This Council deems it essential that any proposals for the future of Hong Kong should be debated in this Council before agreement is reached", was passed unanimously.[26] The PRC attacked the motion furiously, referring to it as "somebody's attempt to play the three-legged stool trick again".[27] At length, the PRC and Britain initiated the Joint Declaration on the question of Hong Kong's future in Beijing. Zhou Nan, the then PRC Deputy Foreign Minister and leader of the negotiation team, and Sir Richard Evans, British Ambassador to Beijing and leader of the team, signed respectively on behalf of the two governments.[28] Sino-British Joint Declaration{{Main|Sino-British Joint Declaration}}The Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed by the Prime Ministers of the People's Republic of China and the United Kingdom governments on 19 December 1984 in Beijing. The Declaration entered into force with the exchange of instruments of ratification on 27 May 1985 and was registered by the People's Republic of China and United Kingdom governments at the United Nations on 12 June 1985. In the Joint Declaration, the People's Republic of China Government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories) with effect from 1 July 1997 and the United Kingdom Government declared that it would restore Hong Kong to the PRC with effect from 1 July 1997. In the document, the People's Republic of China Government also declared its basic policies regarding Hong Kong. In accordance with the "One country, two systems" principle agreed between the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China, the socialist system of the People's Republic of China would not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), and Hong Kong's previous capitalist system and its way of life would remain unchanged for a period of 50 years. This would have left Hong Kong unchanged until 2047. The Joint Declaration provided that these basic policies should be stipulated in the Hong Kong Basic Law. The ceremony of the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration took place at 18:00, 19 December 1984 at the Western Main Chamber of the Great Hall of the People. The Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office at first proposed a list of 60–80 Hong Kong people to attend the ceremony. The number was finally extended to 101. The list included Hong Kong government officials, members of the Legislative and Executive Councils, chairmen of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and Standard Chartered Bank, prominent businessmen such as Li Ka-shing, Pao Yue-kong and Fok Ying-tung, and also Martin Lee Chu-ming and Szeto Wah. Drafting of Basic Law{{Main|Basic Law of Hong Kong}}The Basic Law was drafted by a Drafting Committee composed of members from both Hong Kong and Mainland China. A Basic Law Consultative Committee formed purely by Hong Kong people was established in 1985 to canvas views in Hong Kong on the drafts. The first draft was published in April 1988, followed by a five-month public consultation exercise. The second draft was published in February 1989, and the subsequent consultation period ended in October 1989. The Basic Law was formally promulgated on 4 April 1990 by the NPC, together with the designs for the flag and emblem of the HKSAR. Some members of the Basic Law drafting committee were ousted by Beijing following 4 June 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, after voicing views supporting the student protestors. The Basic Law was said to be a mini-constitution drafted with the participation of Hong Kong people. The political system had been the most controversial issue in the drafting of the Basic Law. The special issue sub-group adopted the political model put forward by Louis Cha. This "mainstream" proposal was criticised for being too conservative.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} According to Clauses 158 and 159 of the Basic Law, powers of interpretation and amendment of the Basic Law are vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress, respectively. Hong Kong's people have limited influence. Tide of migrationAfter the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the Executive Councillors and the Legislative Councillors of Hong Kong unexpectedly held an urgent meeting, in which they agreed unanimously that the British Government should give the people of Hong Kong the right of abode in the United Kingdom.[29] More than 10,000 Hong Kong residents rushed to Central in order to get an application form for residency in the United Kingdom. On the eve of the deadline, over 100,000 lined up overnight for a British National (Overseas) application form. While mass migration began well before 1989, the event led to the peak migration year in 1992 with 66,000 leaving.[30] Many citizens were pessimistic towards the future of Hong Kong and the transfer of the region's sovereignty. A tide of emigration, which was to last for no less than five years, broke out. At its peak, citizenship of small countries, such as Tonga, was also in great demand.[31] Singapore, which also had a predominantly Chinese population, was another popular destination, with the country's Commission (now Consulate-General) being besieged by anxious Hong Kong residents.[32] By September 1989, 6000 applications for residency in Singapore had been approved by the Commission.[33]Some consul staff were suspended or arrested for their corrupt behaviour in granting immigration visas. In April 1997, the acting immigration officer at the US Consulate-General, James DeBates, was suspended after his wife was arrested for smuggling of Chinese migrants into the United States.[34] The previous year, his predecessor, Jerry Stuchiner, had been arrested for smuggling forged Honduran passports into the territory before being sentenced to 40 months in prison.[35] Canada (Vancouver and Toronto), United Kingdom (London, Glasgow, and Manchester), Australia (Sydney and Melbourne), and the United States (San Francisco and New York) were, by and large, the most popular destinations. The United Kingdom devised the British Nationality Selection Scheme, granting 50,000 families British citizenship under the British Nationality Act (Hong Kong) 1990.[36] Vancouver was among the most popular destinations, earning the nickname of "Hongcouver".[37] Richmond, a suburb of Vancouver, was nicknamed "Little Hong Kong".[38] All in all, from the start of the settlement of the negotiation in 1984 to 1997, nearly 1 million people emigrated; consequently, Hong Kong suffered serious loss of human and financial capital.[39]Last governor{{main|1994 Hong Kong electoral reform}}Chris Patten became the last governor of Hong Kong. This was regarded as a turning point in Hong Kong's history. Unlike his predecessors, Patten was not a diplomat, but a career politician and former Member of Parliament. He introduced democratic reforms which pushed PRC–British relations to a standstill and affected the negotiations for a smooth handover. Patten introduced a package of electoral reforms in the Legislative Council. These reforms proposed to enlarge the electorate, thus making voting in the Legislative Council more democratic. This move posed significant changes because Hong Kong citizens would have the power to make decisions regarding their future. Handover ceremony{{Main|Hong Kong handover ceremony}}The handover ceremony was held at the new wing of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre in Wan Chai on the night of 30 June 1997. The principal British guest was Prince Charles, who read a farewell speech on behalf of the Queen. The newly elected Labour Prime Minister, Tony Blair, the Foreign Secretary Robin Cook, the departing Governor Chris Patten and General Sir Charles Guthrie, Chief of the Defence Staff, also attended. Representing the People's Republic of China were the President, Jiang Zemin, the Premier, Li Peng, and the first chief executive Tung Chee-hwa. The event was broadcast around the world.[40][41] Additional effectsBefore and after handover
Rose Garden Project{{Main|Port and Airport Development Strategy}}After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the Hong Kong government proposed a grand "Rose Garden Project" to restore faith and solidarity among the residents.[129] As the construction of the new Hong Kong International Airport would extend well after the handover, Governor Wilson met PRC Premier Li Peng in Beijing to ease the mind of the PRC government.[130] The communist press published stories that the project was an evil plan to bleed Hong Kong dry before the handover, leaving the territory in serious debt.[131] After three years of negotiations, Britain and the PRC finally reached an agreement over the construction of the new airport, and signed a Memorandum of Understanding.[132] Removing hills and reclaiming land, it took only a few years to construct the new airport. Views of the Kowloon Walled City{{Main|Kowloon Walled City}}The Walled City was originally a single fort built in the mid-19th century on the site of an earlier 17th century watch post on the Kowloon Peninsula of Hong Kong.[133] After the ceding of Hong Kong Island to Britain in 1842 (Treaty of Nanjing), Manchu Qing Dynasty authorities of China felt it necessary for them to establish a military and administrative post to rule the area and to check further British influence in the area. The 1898 Convention which handed additional parts of Hong Kong (the New Territories) to Britain for 99 years excluded the Walled City, with a population of roughly 700. It stated that China could continue to keep troops there, so long as they did not interfere with Britain's temporary rule. Britain quickly went back on this unofficial part of the agreement, attacking Kowloon Walled City in 1899, only to find it deserted. They did nothing with it, or the outpost, and thus posed the question of Kowloon Walled City's ownership squarely up in the air. The outpost consisted of a yamen, as well as buildings which grew into low-lying, densely packed neighbourhoods from the 1890s to 1940s. The enclave remained part of Chinese territory despite the turbulent events of the early 20th century that saw the fall of the Qing government, the establishment of the Republic of China and later, a Communist Chinese government (PRC). Squatters began to occupy the Walled City, resisting several attempts by Britain in 1948 to drive them out. The Walled City became a haven for criminals and drug addicts, as the Hong Kong Police had no right to enter the City and China refused maintainability. The 1949 foundation of the People's Republic of China added thousands of refugees to the population, many from Guangdong; by this time, Britain had had enough, and simply adopted a "hands-off" policy. A murder that occurred in Kowloon Walled City in 1959 set off a small diplomatic crisis, as the two nations each tried to get the other to accept responsibility for a vast tract of land now virtually ruled by anti-Manchurian Triads. After the Joint Declaration in 1984, the PRC allowed British authorities to demolish the City and resettle its inhabitants. The mutual decision to tear down the walled city was made in 1987.[134] The government spent up to HK$ 3 billion to resettle the residents and shops. Some residents were not satisfied with the compensation, and some even obstructed the demolition in every possible way.[135] Ultimately, everything was settled, and the Walled City became a park.[136] Views of Rennie's Mill{{unreferenced section|date=June 2016}}Rennie's Mill got its name from a Canadian businessman named Alfred Herbert Rennie, who established a flour mill at Junk Bay. The business failed, and Rennie hanged himself there in 1908. The incident gave the Chinese name for the site Tiu Keng Leng (吊頸嶺), meaning "Hanging (neck) Ridge". The name was later formally changed to similar-sounding Tiu King Leng (調景嶺) because it was regarded as inauspicious. In the 1950s the (British) Government of Hong Kong settled a considerable number of refugees from China—former Nationalist soldiers and other Kuomintang supporters—at Rennie's Mill, following the Chinese civil war. For many years the area was a Kuomintang enclave known as "Little Taiwan", with the flag of the Republic of China flying, its own school system and practically off-limits to the Royal Hong Kong Police Force. In 1996 the Hong Kong government finally forcibly evicted Rennie's Mill's residents, ostensibly to make room for new town developments, as part of the Tseung Kwan O New Town, but widely understood to be a move to please the Communist Chinese government before Hong Kong reverted to Communist Chinese rule in 1997. Before the eviction, Rennie's Mill could be reached by the winding, hilly and narrow Po Lam Road South. At that time, Rennie's Mill's only means of public transport were the routes 90 and 290 of Kowloon Motor Bus, which were operated by minibuses, and by water transport. International reactionThe Republic of China on Taiwan promulgated the Laws and Regulations Regarding Hong Kong & Macao Affairs on 2 April 1997 by Presidential Order, and the Executive Yuan on 19 June 1997 ordered the provisions pertaining to Hong Kong to take effect on 1 July 1997.[137] The United States–Hong Kong Policy Act or more commonly known as the Hong Kong Policy Act (PL no. 102-383m 106 Stat. 1448) is a 1992 act enacted by the United States Congress. It allows the United States to continue to treat Hong Kong separately from China for matters concerning trade export and economics control after the handover.[138] The United States was represented by then Secretary of State Madeleine Albright at the Hong Kong handover ceremony.[139] However, she partially boycotted it in protest of China's dissolution of the democratically elected Hong Kong legislature.[140] End of the British EmpireThe handover marked the end of British rule in Hong Kong, which was Britain's last substantial overseas territory. Although in statute law set down by Parliament, British Hong Kong had no status of pre-eminence vis-a-vis the other British Dependent Territories (as they were then classified before the term British Overseas Territory was introduced in 2002), Hong Kong was by far the most populous and economically potent. In 1997 the colony had a population of approximately 6.5 millions, which represented roughly 97% of the population of the British Dependant Territories as a whole at that time (the next largest, Bermuda, having a 1997 population of approximately only 62,000). With a gross domestic product of approximately US$180 billion in the last year of British rule,.[141] Hong Kong's economy was roughly 11% the size of Britain's.[142] Therefore, although the economies of the United Kingdom and Hong Kong were measured separately, the Handover did mean the British economy in its very broadest sense became substantially smaller (by comparison, the acquisition of Hong Kong boosted the size of the Chinese economy, which was then smaller than the United Kingdom's, by 18.4%).[143] As a comparator to Hong Kong, in 2017 Bermuda (as with population, the economically largest of Britain's remaining territories) had a GDP of only US$4.7 billion.[144] The cession of Hong Kong meant that Britain's remaining territories (excepting the United Kingdom itself) henceforth consisted either of uninhabited lands (for instance the British Antarctic Territory), small islands or micro land masses (such as Montserrat), territories used as military bases (for example Akrotiri and Dhekelia on the island of Cyprus, itself a former crown colony granted independence in 1960), or a combination of the latter two (like Gibraltar). And whilst numerous of Britain's remaining territories are significant to the global economy by virtue of being offshore financial centres (Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, and the Cayman Islands being the most prominent of these), their economies are insubstantial. Demographically, they are also tiny compared to Britain, with a collective population of less than 0.4% of Britain's 2017 population of 66 millions.[145] As of 2018 the combined population of Britain's remaining fourteen Overseas Territories is only approximately 250,000, which is less than all but three districts of Hong Kong, and roughly equal to that of the City of Westminster Consequently, because ceding Hong Kong came at the end of half a century of decolonisation, and because the handover meant that the United Kingdom became without significant overseas territories, dominions, or colonies for the first time in its history (Great Britain, having been bequeathed the incipient domains of its later empire by inheriting the colonial possessions of the Kingdom of England upon the passing of the Acts of Union 1707, always having been an imperial power, ab initio) the handover of Hong Kong to China is regarded by some as marking the conclusion of the British Empire, with 1 July 1997 being its end date and the handover ceremony being its last diplomatic act. In popular culture{{In popular culture|section|date=September 2018}}Scholars have begun to study the complexities of the transfer as shown in the popular media, such as films, television and video and online games. For example, Hong Kong director Fruit Chan made a sci-fi thriller The Midnight After (2014) that stressed the sense of loss and alienation represented by survivors in an apocalyptic Hong Kong. Chan infuses a political agenda in the film by playing on Hong Kongers' collective anxiety towards communist China.[146] Yiman Wang has argued that America has viewed China through the prisms of films from Shanghai and Hong Kong, with a recent emphasis on futuristic disaster films set in Hong Kong after the transfer goes awry.[147]
See also{{portal|Hong Kong}}
Bibliography
Primary sources
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Chan, Gerard A. Postiglione, M.E. Sharpe, 1996, page 45 6. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=upDNEYtw4uYC&lpg=PA229&ots=9X2jk49fP9&dq=murray%20maclehose%20deng%20xiaoping%20march%201979&pg=PA229#v=onepage&q=murray%20maclehose%20deng%20xiaoping%20march%201979&f=true Elections, Political Change and Basic Law Government: Hong Kong in Search of a Political Form] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222085643/https://books.google.com/books?id=upDNEYtw4uYC&lpg=PA229&ots=9X2jk49fP9&dq=murray%20maclehose%20deng%20xiaoping%20march%201979&pg=PA229#v=onepage&q=murray%20maclehose%20deng%20xiaoping%20march%201979&f=true#v=onepage&q=murray%20maclehose%20deng%20xiaoping%20march%201979&f=true |date=22 February 2017 }}, Suzanne Pepper in Elections and Democracy in Greater China, Larry Diamond, Ramon H. Myers, OUP Oxford, 2001, page 55 7. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=PnQAsA0oIPoC&lpg=PA110&ots=hba5L3TnmJ&dq=edward%20heath%20deng%20xiaoping%20hong%20kong&pg=PA109#v=onepage&q=edward%20heath%20deng%20xiaoping%20hong%20kong&f=true Feeling the Stones: Reminiscences by David Akers-Jones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222102306/https://books.google.com/books?id=PnQAsA0oIPoC&lpg=PA110&ots=hba5L3TnmJ&dq=edward%20heath%20deng%20xiaoping%20hong%20kong&pg=PA109#v=onepage&q=edward%20heath%20deng%20xiaoping%20hong%20kong&f=true#v=onepage&q=edward%20heath%20deng%20xiaoping%20hong%20kong&f=true |date=22 February 2017 }}, David Akers-Jones, Hong Kong University Press, 2004, page 109 8. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/jun/02/guardianobituaries1 Lord MacLehose] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123134724/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/jun/02/guardianobituaries1# |date=23 November 2016 }}, The Guardian, 2 June 2000 9. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=02Hjr6RUckwC&lpg=PA224&ots=sLeL8zIEld&dq=Murray%20MacLehose%20British%20administer%20hong%20kong%201997&pg=PA224#v=onepage&q&f=true Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes], M. 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Yahuda, Routledge, 1996, page 45 13. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=cxxGJ7c10noC&lpg=PA111&vq=Thatcher&pg=PA109#v=onepage&q=Thatcher&f=true Hong Kong: The Road to 1997] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222170811/https://books.google.com/books?id=cxxGJ7c10noC&lpg=PA111&vq=Thatcher&pg=PA109#v=onepage&q=Thatcher&f=true#v=onepage&q=Thatcher&f=true |date=22 February 2017 }}, Roger Buckley, Cambridge University Press, 1997, page 109 14. ^Ezra F. Vogel: Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 2011. 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[https://web.archive.org/web/20090809225312/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/how-mrs-thatcher-lost-hong-kong-ten-years-ago-fired-up-by-her-triumph-in-the-falklands-war-margaret-thatcher-flew-to-peking-for-a-lastditch-attempt-to-keep-hong-kong-under-british-rule--only-to-meet-her-match-in-deng-xiaoping-two-years-later-she-signed-the-agreement-handing-the-territory-to-china-1543375.html How Mrs Thatcher lost Hong Kong], The Independent, Robert Cottrell, 30 August 1992 19. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=ySvxAQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA175&ots=RFhVibuCgz&dq=%22a%20Chinese%20territory%20under%20Portuguese%20administration%22&pg=PA175#v=onepage&q=%22a%20Chinese%20territory%20under%20Portuguese%20administration%22&f=true China Perspectives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222105810/https://books.google.com/books?id=ySvxAQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA175&ots=RFhVibuCgz&dq=%22a%20Chinese%20territory%20under%20Portuguese%20administration%22&pg=PA175#v=onepage&q=%22a%20Chinese%20territory%20under%20Portuguese%20administration%22&f=true#v=onepage&q=%22a%20Chinese%20territory%20under%20Portuguese%20administration%22&f=true |date=22 February 2017 }}, Issues 21–26, C.E.F.C., 1999, page 13 20. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=0uStp3CUaqUC&lpg=PA36&ots=PJ5gTkk6V5&dq=hong%20kong%20%22macau%20solution%22&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q=hong%20kong%20%22macau%20solution%22&f=true Hong Kong's Watershed: The 1967 Riots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222104333/https://books.google.com/books?id=0uStp3CUaqUC&lpg=PA36&ots=PJ5gTkk6V5&dq=hong%20kong%20%22macau%20solution%22&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q=hong%20kong%20%22macau%20solution%22&f=true#v=onepage&q=hong%20kong%20%22macau%20solution%22&f=true |date=22 February 2017 }}, Gary Ka-wai Cheung, Hong Kong University Press, 2009, page 37 21. ^The Chinese government resumed exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401135704/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18032.shtml# |date=1 April 2016 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China 22. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ReUbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gGgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1278,6865410&dq=typhoon+ellen&hl=en Typhoon Ellen Batters Hong Kong, killing 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222095911/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ReUbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gGgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1278,6865410&dq=typhoon+ellen&hl=en# |date=22 February 2017 }}, United Press International, Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 10 September 1983 23. ^Hong Kong business world shaken by political uncertainties {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411040625/http://www.csmonitor.com/1983/1004/100426.html# |date=11 April 2016 }}, Christian Science Monitor, 4 October 1983 24. ^Hong Kong {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414154546/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1988/jan/20/hong-kong# |date=14 April 2016 }} Hansard, HC Deb 20 January 1988 vol 125 cc971-1018 25. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=N0_VAAAAMAAJ&q=Simon+Keswick++Jardine+Matheson+%26+Co++bermuda&dq=Simon+Keswick++Jardine+Matheson+%26+Co++bermuda&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwil1eyGvODLAhUDNhoKHdhPCO8Q6AEIVjAK Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222104517/https://books.google.com/books?id=N0_VAAAAMAAJ&q=Simon+Keswick++Jardine+Matheson+%26+Co++bermuda&dq=Simon+Keswick++Jardine+Matheson+%26+Co++bermuda&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwil1eyGvODLAhUDNhoKHdhPCO8Q6AEIVjAK# |date=22 February 2017 }}, Part 3, BBC Monitoring Service, 1984 26. 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222105938/https://books.google.com/books?id=w7NuSICc0lYC&lpg=PA210&ots=dgIKZeY1rf&dq=This%20Council%20deems%20it%20essential%20that%20any%20proposals%20for%20the%20future%20of%20Hong%20Kong%20should%20be%20debated%20in%20this%20Council%20before%20agreement%20is%20reached&pg=PA210#v=onepage&q=This%20Council%20deems%20it%20essential%20that%20any%20proposals%20for%20the%20future%20of%20Hong%20Kong%20should%20be%20debated%20in%20this%20Council%20before%20agreement%20is%20reached&f=true#v=onepage&q=This%20Council%20deems%20it%20essential%20that%20any%20proposals%20for%20the%20future%20of%20Hong%20Kong%20should%20be%20debated%20in%20this%20Council%20before%20agreement%20is%20reached&f=true |date=22 February 2017 }}, Ian Scott, Ian ScottUniversity of Hawaii Press, 1989, page 210 27. ^[https://books.google.com/books?ei=QtDeUdbPDu-20QW5k4CgCg&id=B9ksAAAAMAAJ&dq=three-legged+stool+trick+hong+kong&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22trick+once+again%22 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Foreign Broadcast Information Service, National Technical Information Service, 1993, page 79 28. ^ON THIS DAY: 26 September 1984: UK and China agree Hong Kong handover {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103002517/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/26/newsid_2538000/2538843.stm# |date=3 January 2008 }}, BBC News 29. ^A Rough Road ahead {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424062259/http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=103048&ctNode=2198&mp=9# |date=24 April 2016 }}, Taiwan Review, 1 March 1990 30. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=zyMeydaAu1kC&lpg=PP1&dq=Manion%2C%20Melanie.%20%5B2004%5D(2004).%20Corruption%20by%20Design%3A%20Building%20Clean%20Government%20in%20Mainland%20China%20and%20Hong%20Kong.%20Harvard%20University%20press.&pg=PA80#v=snippet&q=66000&f=false Corruption by Design: Building Clean Government in Mainland China and Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222104312/https://books.google.com/books?id=zyMeydaAu1kC&lpg=PP1&dq=Manion%2C%20Melanie.%20%5B2004%5D(2004).%20Corruption%20by%20Design%3A%20Building%20Clean%20Government%20in%20Mainland%20China%20and%20Hong%20Kong.%20Harvard%20University%20press.&pg=PA80#v=snippet&q=66000&f=false#v=snippet&q=66000&f=false |date=22 February 2017 }}, Melanie Manion, Harvard University Press, page 80 31. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/07/magazine/in-the-court-of-the-king-of-tonga.html?pagewanted=all In the Court of the King of Tonga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724160803/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/07/magazine/in-the-court-of-the-king-of-tonga.html?pagewanted=all# |date=24 July 2016 }}, The New York Times Company, 1992 32. ^Singapore Lure Stirs Crowds In Hong Kong {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002085238/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-07-12/news/8902160755_1_singapore-commission-hong-kong-singapore-government# |date=2 October 2015 }}, Chicago Tribune, 12 July 1989 33. ^6,000 from HK given residency here {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420031256/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/newpaper19890921-1.2.3.7.aspx# |date=20 April 2016 }}, The New Paper, 21 September 1989, page 2 34. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/06/world/us-immigration-officer-in-hong-kong-investigated-for-corruption.html U.S. Immigration Officer in Hong Kong Investigated for Corruption] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724160810/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/06/world/us-immigration-officer-in-hong-kong-investigated-for-corruption.html# |date=24 July 2016 }}, The New York Times, 6 April 1997 35. ^Smuggling People, Newsweek, 17 March 1997 36. ^{{UK-LEG|path=ukpga/1990/34/contents|title=British Nationality Act (Hong Kong) 1990}} 37. ^Chinese Vancouver: A decade of change {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116072007/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/story.html?id=011b7438-172c-4126-ba42-2c85828bd6ce |date=16 November 2014 }}, Vancouver Sun, 30 June 2007 38. ^[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/a-tale-of-two-solitudes-written-anew/article1034293/ A tale of two solitudes written anew] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418034355/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/a-tale-of-two-solitudes-written-anew/article1034293/# |date=18 April 2016 }}, The Globe and Mail, 26 October 2001 39. ^Fosh, Patricia. Chan, Andy. Chow, Wilson WS. Snape, Ed. Westwood, Robert. [2000] (2000) Hong Kong Management and Labour. United Kingdom: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-22269-9}}. 40. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=YeiaOWcc17MC&lpg=PA395&ots=eEfHvoBqVr&dq=hong%20kong%20handover%201997%20cnn%20coverage&pg=PA395#v=onepage&q=hong%20kong%20handover%201997%20cnn%20coverage&f=true China Live: People Power and the Television Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222094506/https://books.google.com/books?id=YeiaOWcc17MC&lpg=PA395&ots=eEfHvoBqVr&dq=hong%20kong%20handover%201997%20cnn%20coverage&pg=PA395#v=onepage&q=hong%20kong%20handover%201997%20cnn%20coverage&f=true#v=onepage&q=hong%20kong%20handover%201997%20cnn%20coverage&f=true |date=22 December 2016 }}, Mike Chinoy, Rowman & Littlefield, 1999, page 395 41. ^Hong Kong Night – Sunday 1 July {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819202535/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/6241974.stm# |date=19 August 2007 }}, BBC News, 27 June 2007 42. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=GbF8AgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA198&dq=However%2C%20many%20schools%20teach%20in%20Cantonese%20in%20parallel%20with%20Mandarin%20and%20English.&pg=PA198#v=onepage&q=However,%20many%20schools%20teach%20in%20Cantonese%20in%20parallel%20with%20Mandarin%20and%20English.&f=true Education and colonial transition in Singapore and Hong Kong: Comparisons and contrasts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222104051/https://books.google.com/books?id=GbF8AgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA198&dq=However%2C%20many%20schools%20teach%20in%20Cantonese%20in%20parallel%20with%20Mandarin%20and%20English.&pg=PA198#v=onepage&q=However,%20many%20schools%20teach%20in%20Cantonese%20in%20parallel%20with%20Mandarin%20and%20English.&f=true#v=onepage&q=However,%20many%20schools%20teach%20in%20Cantonese%20in%20parallel%20with%20Mandarin%20and%20English.&f=true |date=22 February 2017 }}, Jason Tan in Changing Educational Contexts, Issues and Identities: 40 Years of Comparative Education, Michael Crossley, Patricia Broadfoot, Michele Schweisfurth, Routledge, 2007, page 198 43. ^Lok Ma Chau Control Point to provide 24-hour passenger clearance services {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051045/http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200301/08/0108224.htm# |date=4 March 2016 }}, Government Information Centre, 8 January 2003 44. ^LCQ1: Immigration clearance and entry visas to the Mainland for non-Chinese Hong Kong permanent residents with foreign passports {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109234739/http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201202/15/P201202150334.htm# |date=9 January 2015 }}, Government Information Centre, 15 February 2012 45. ^General Information on the Right of Abode in Hong Kong {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325022735/http://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/services/roa/geninfor.html# |date=25 March 2016 }}, Immigration Department 46. ^Exit and Entry Administration Law of the People's Republic of China {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331061809/http://www.fmcoprc.gov.hk/eng/fwxx/wgrqz/t1055657.htm# |date=31 March 2016 }}, Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 47. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=PknF6cR7lQMC&lpg=PA245&ots=nnGw3418k-&dq=Hong%20Kong%20remained%20a%20common%20law%20jurisdiction%2C&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q=Hong%20Kong%20remained%20a%20common%20law%20jurisdiction,&f=true China Briefing's Business Guide to the Greater Pearl River Delta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222111618/https://books.google.com/books?id=PknF6cR7lQMC&lpg=PA245&ots=nnGw3418k-&dq=Hong%20Kong%20remained%20a%20common%20law%20jurisdiction%2C&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q=Hong%20Kong%20remained%20a%20common%20law%20jurisdiction,&f=true#v=onepage&q=Hong%20Kong%20remained%20a%20common%20law%20jurisdiction,&f=true |date=22 February 2017 }}, China Briefing Media, Ltd., 2004, page 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2016 }}, 3 July 1997 111. ^1 17 holidays to stay after 1997 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503213839/http://www.scmp.com/article/88137/17-holidays-stay-after-1997# |date=3 May 2016 }}, South China Morning Post, 12 September 1994 112. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=4lJOAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22republic+of+china%22+%22national+day%22+hong+kong+%22public+holiday%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22cancellation+of+the+public+holiday%22 Far Eastern Economic Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222104059/https://books.google.com/books?id=4lJOAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22republic+of+china%22+%22national+day%22+hong+kong+%22public+holiday%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22cancellation+of+the+public+holiday%22# |date=22 February 2017 }}, 1968, page 450 113. ^1 [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/09/world/change-in-hong-kong-is-slow-but-sure.html?pagewanted=all Change in Hong Kong Is Slow but Sure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724160822/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/09/world/change-in-hong-kong-is-slow-but-sure.html?pagewanted=all# |date=24 July 2016 }}, The New York Times, 9 October 1997 114. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/07/hong-kong-to-cover-british-insignia-on-postboxes-to-avoid-confusion Hong Kong to cover British insignia on postboxes to 'avoid confusion'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215070035/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/07/hong-kong-to-cover-british-insignia-on-postboxes-to-avoid-confusion# |date=15 December 2016 }}, The Guardian, 7 October 2015 115. ^Warning: Deadline Ahead {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826184845/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/97/0411/nat3.html# |date=26 August 2016 }}, Asiaweek, 11 April 1997 116. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20161221002053/http://www.offshoreinvestment.com/media/uploads/Hong%20Kong%20after%20the%20change%20of%20sovereignty.pdf Hong Kong after the change of sovereignty], Jane McNair and Professor Peter Willoughby,Deacons Graham & James, Hong Kong SAR, Offshore Investment, January 1999, issue 92 117. ^[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmfaff/649/64907.htm The UK's relations with Hong Kong: 30 years after the Joint Declaration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525090559/https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmfaff/649/64907.htm# |date=25 May 2017 }}, Tenth Report of Session 2014–15, Foreign Affairs Select Committee, House of Commons, 6 March 2015, page 16 [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmfaff/649/649.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719113821/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmfaff/649/649.pdf# |date=19 July 2018 }} 118. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=veEZBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA167&dq=hong%20kong%20%22immigration%20department%22%20british&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q=%22immigration%20department%22%20british&f=false Hong Kong's New Constitutional Order: The Resumption of Chinese Sovereignty and the Basic Law], Yash Ghai, Hong Kong University Press, 1997, page 167 119. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=QhVWl7-NcY8C&lpg=PA417&ots=SnpcsYyo9K&dq=british%20%22senior%20trade%20commissioner%22%20to%20Hong%20Kong&pg=PA417#v=onepage&q=british%20%22senior%20trade%20commissioner%22%20to%20Hong%20Kong&f=false Hunting with the Tigers: Doing Business with Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam], Claudia Cragg, Pfeiffer & Company, 1993, page 417 120. ^Chief Executive holds 'useful, cordial' talks with British Prime Minister {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613122434/http://www.info.gov.hk/isd/news/oct97/1022pm.htm# |date=13 June 2018 }}, Government of Hong Kong, 22 October 1997 121. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=HKG# |title=Commonwealth Games Federation – Hong Kong |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125702/http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=HKG# |archive-date=19 August 2014 |dead-url=no }} 122. ^About the Consulate-General {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029161528/http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/hong_kong/about_the_consulate_general.html# |date=29 October 2015 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore 123. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=QtHHi3B0peYC&lpg=PA80&dq=chung%20hwa%20travel%20service%20hong%20kong&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q=Iran&f=false Hong Kong's Transition to Chinese Rule: The Limits of Autonomy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222105735/https://books.google.com/books?id=QtHHi3B0peYC&lpg=PA80&dq=chung%20hwa%20travel%20service%20hong%20kong&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q=Iran&f=false#v=onepage&q=Iran&f=false |date=22 February 2017 }}, Ralf Horlemann, Routledge, 2003, page 78 124. ^Liberian consulate forced to close {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426075314/http://www.scmp.com/article/214706/liberian-consulate-forced-close# |date=26 April 2016 }}, South China Morning Post, 10 October 1997 125. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20140109234316/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/1997/06130x66197.htm Statement on Future South Africa/Hong Kong Relations by the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr Aziz Pahad, 12 June 1997] 126. ^Hong Kong – A New Era – Civil Aviation {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060225/http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/1997/ch15/e15v.htm# |date=4 March 2016 }}, Hong Kong Yearbook 1997, Hong Kong SAR Government 127. ^China News {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327135325/http://www.scmp.com/news/china# |date=27 March 2016 }}, South China Morning Post 128. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=_RRXAAAAMAAJ&q=reunification+monument+hong+kong+bauhinia&dq=reunification+monument+hong+kong+bauhinia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDu-XU2evLAhVGtxQKHWq4C1wQ6AEIRzAE Summary of World Broadcasts: Asia, Pacific] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222130304/https://books.google.com/books?id=_RRXAAAAMAAJ&q=reunification+monument+hong+kong+bauhinia&dq=reunification+monument+hong+kong+bauhinia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDu-XU2evLAhVGtxQKHWq4C1wQ6AEIRzAE# |date=22 December 2016 }}, Issues 3986–3998, page G-8 129. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=TDkZAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Rose+Garden+Project%22+Hong+Kong&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Rose+Garden+Project%22+ Before and After Suzie: Hong Kong in Western Film and Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222170827/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDkZAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Rose+Garden+Project%22+Hong+Kong&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Rose+Garden+Project%22+# |date=22 February 2017 }}, Thomas Y. T. Luk, James P. RiceNew Asia College, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002, page 88 130. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=fQofAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA195&ots=uNIpAfQ-bW&dq=Governor%20Wilson%20met%20PRC%20Premier%20Li%20Peng%20in%20Beijing&pg=PA195#v=onepage&q=Governor%20Wilson%20met%20PRC%20Premier%20Li%20Peng%20in%20Beijing&f=true A Concise History of Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222164350/https://books.google.com/books?id=fQofAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA195&ots=uNIpAfQ-bW&dq=Governor%20Wilson%20met%20PRC%20Premier%20Li%20Peng%20in%20Beijing&pg=PA195#v=onepage&q=Governor%20Wilson%20met%20PRC%20Premier%20Li%20Peng%20in%20Beijing&f=true#v=onepage&q=Governor%20Wilson%20met%20PRC%20Premier%20Li%20Peng%20in%20Beijing&f=true |date=22 February 2017 }}, John M. Carroll, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 7 June 2007, page 195 131. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=v6ZszKvUkjAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bray,+Denis.+Hong+Kong+Metamorphosis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9OFcUoH7DZKihgeJjIDIAg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Rose%20Garden%20Project&f=false Hong Kong Metamorphisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222102850/https://books.google.com/books?id=v6ZszKvUkjAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bray,+Denis.+Hong+Kong+Metamorphosis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9OFcUoH7DZKihgeJjIDIAg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Rose%20Garden%20Project&f=false#v=snippet&q=Rose%20Garden%20Project&f=false |date=22 December 2016 }} Denis Bray, Hong Kong University Press, 2001, page 232 132. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=h7LtAAAAMAAJ&dq=Britain+and+the+PRC+finally+reached+an+agreement+over+the+construction+of+the+new+airport%2C+and+signed+a+Memorandum+of+Understanding&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Memorandum+of+Understanding%22 A Modern History of Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222224418/https://books.google.com/books?id=h7LtAAAAMAAJ&dq=Britain+and+the+PRC+finally+reached+an+agreement+over+the+construction+of+the+new+airport%2C+and+signed+a+Memorandum+of+Understanding&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Memorandum+of+Understanding%22# |date=22 February 2017 }}, Steve Yui-Sang Tsang, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, page 253 133. ^Lim, Patricia. [2002] (2002). Discovering Hong Hong's Cultural Heritage. Central, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. ISBN Volume One 0-19-592723-0 134. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9NYyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kO8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1193%2C4443534 Hong Kong's infamous Walled City to be converted into park area], Michael Browning, Knight Ridder, Ottawa Citizen, 29 January 1987, page c9 135. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YsExAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3YwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6688%2C969556 Riot police evict Hong Kong residents from Walled City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630155905/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YsExAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3YwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6688%2C969556# |date=30 June 2016 }}, Associated Press, The News, 3 July 1992 136. ^Kowloon Walled City Park – History/Background {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323040215/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/en/parks/kwcp/index.html# |date=23 March 2016 }}, Leisure and Cultural Services Department 137. ^Ministry of Justice (Republic of China): Laws and Regulations Regarding Hong Kong & Macao Affairs: Legislative History 138. ^Hong Kong's reversion to China: effective monitoring critical to assess U.S. DIANE Publishing. {{ISBN|1-4289-7837-2}} 139. ^{{cite news |title=Albright To Attend Hong Kong Transfer Ceremony |url=http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/04/16/albright.hongkong/ |publisher=CNN |date=16 April 1997 |accessdate=27 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128152038/http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/04/16/albright.hongkong/# |archive-date=28 January 2011 |dead-url=no }} 140. ^{{cite news |title=Smooth Hong Kong handover lifts China's image |url=http://articles.cnn.com/1997-07-15/world/9707_15_hongkong_1_handover-beijings-china-policy?_s=PM:WORLD |publisher=CNN |date=15 July 1997 |accessdate=27 August 2012}} 141. ^{{cite web |title=Hong Kong SAR, China |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/hong-kong-sar-china?view=chart |website=World Bank |accessdate=21 December 2018}} 142. ^{{cite web |title=United Kingdom |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/united-kingdom |website=World Bank |accessdate=21 December 2018}} 143. ^{{cite news |last1=Bland and Pong |first1=Ben and Jane |title=Hong Kong since the handover in charts |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7e2422b8-5bb1-11e7-9bc8-8055f264aa8b |accessdate=21 September 2018 |agency=Financial Times}} 144. ^{{cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product - 2017 highlights |url=https://www.gov.bm/sites/default/files/GDP%202017%20annual%20publication.pdf |publisher=Government of Bermuda, Department of Statistics |accessdate=21 December 2018}} 145. ^{{cite web |title=Population estimates |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=21 December 2018}} 146. ^Chia-rong Wu, "Hong Kong Identity in Question: Fruit Chan's Uncanny Narrative and (Post-)97 Complex." American Journal of Chinese Studies (April 2017), Vol. 24 Issue 1, pp 43–56. 147. ^Yiman Wang, Remaking Chinese Cinema: Through the Prism of Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Hollywood (2014) pp 114, 131 148. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=YOWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=Rush+Hour+(1998+film)+hong+kong+british&source=bl&ots=qbKm3Xei9j&sig=q5F1cjpS9sjyik_Yx5Q77vfqOow&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2y87t9O3LAhWMPBQKHYvcBQAQ6AEIRTAH#v=onepage&q=Rush%20Hour%20(1998%20film)%20hong%20kong%20british&f=false China on Screen: Cinema and Nation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222111113/https://books.google.com/books?id=YOWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=Rush+Hour+(1998+film)+hong+kong+british&source=bl&ots=qbKm3Xei9j&sig=q5F1cjpS9sjyik_Yx5Q77vfqOow&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2y87t9O3LAhWMPBQKHYvcBQAQ6AEIRTAH#v=onepage&q=Rush%20Hour%20(1998%20film)%20hong%20kong%20british&f=false#v=onepage&q=Rush%20Hour%20(1998%20film)%20hong%20kong%20british&f=false |date=22 December 2016 }}, Chris Berry, Mary Ann Farquhar, Columbia University Press, 2006, page 2 149. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|first1=Harminder|last1=Singh|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/1983718/everything-you-need-know-about-hong-kongs-return|title=Everything you need to know about Hong Kong's return to Chinese sovereignty|work=South China Morning Post|publisher=Alibaba Group|date=1 July 2016|accessdate=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018010140/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/1983718/everything-you-need-know-about-hong-kongs-return#|archive-date=18 October 2017|dead-url=no}} 150. ^[https://www.amazon.com/Knock-Off-Rob-Schneider/dp/B000I9YUY0 Knock Off 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508072910/http://www.amazon.com/Knock-Off-Rob-Schneider/dp/B000I9YUY0# |date=8 May 2016 }}, Amazon.com 151. ^A Death in Hong Kong {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312123725/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007h8j3# |date=12 March 2017 }}, BBC Two, 27 February 2009 152. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLT4fstT_Tc# |title=Sam Hui 許冠傑 – 話知你97 (電影『新半斤八两』主題曲) |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423031249/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLT4fstT_Tc# |archive-date=23 April 2017 |dead-url=no }} 153. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hqfSgxw--38# |title=Artist : Jin Title : 1997 Album : ABC Track No : 9 |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416150844/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hqfSgxw--38# |archive-date=16 April 2017 |dead-url=no }} 154. ^[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Zero-Minus-Ten-James-Bond/dp/0340684496 Zero Minus Ten (James Bond 007)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414143231/http://www.amazon.co.uk/Zero-Minus-Ten-James-Bond/dp/0340684496# |date=14 April 2016 }}, Amazon.com 155. ^Will James Bond bow to Beijing's censorship? {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503213927/http://www.scmp.com/business/article/1080685/will-james-bond-bow-beijings-censorship# |date=3 May 2016 }}, South China Morning Post, 12 November 2012 156. ^Hong Kong '97 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120080102/http://www.ew.com/article/1994/11/04/video-review-hong-kong-97# |date=20 November 2015 }}, Entertainment Weekly, 4 November 1994 157. ^Racism, Violence & Madness Make This Awful Hong Kong Game One to Remember {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416131853/http://kotaku.com/5936454/racism-violence--madness-make-this-awful-hong-kong-game-one-to-remember# |date=16 April 2016 }}, Kotaku, 21 August 2012 158. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A02E7D8143CF934A25757C0A96E958260 Chinese Box (1997) FILM REVIEW; A Meditation on the Meaning of Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724160827/http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A02E7D8143CF934A25757C0A96E958260# |date=24 July 2016 }}, Stephen Holden, The New York Times 17 April 1998 External links
10 : History of Hong Kong|British Hong Kong|1997 in Hong Kong|1997 in China|1997 in the United Kingdom|1997 in international relations|1990s in Hong Kong|China–United Kingdom relations|Sovereignty|July 1997 events |
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