| 词条 | Hangu Pass |
| 释义 |
| name = Hangu Pass | map = China Northern Plain | coords = {{coord|34.63|N|110.92|E|type:pass_region:CN-41|format=dms|display=inline,title}} }}{{chinese |pic= |piccap=A 1941 relief map of China. The Hangu Pass lies just below Tong Pass ("Tungkwan") |t={{linktext|函谷關}} |s={{linktext|函谷关}} |p=Hángǔguān |w=Han-ku-kuan }} Hangu Pass or Hanguguan is a pass separating the upper Yellow River and Wei valleys—the cradle of Chinese civilization and seat of its longtime capital Xi'an—from the fertile North China Plain. It lies on the south bank of the Yellow River just east of its eastward bend out of the Ordos Loop at Tong Pass in Shaanxi. It was the site of many battles during the Warring States and early imperial eras, when it was the chokepoint shielding Qin, Guanzhong, or Luoyang from outside attack. Today, the term Hangu Pass refers to two locations: firstly, to a museum park including a reconstruction of the gate in Lingbao county, Sanmenxia city, Henan and secondly, to the archaeological site of the gate in Xin’an county, Luoyang city, Henan. HistoryChinese legends state Lao-tzu wrote his Tao Te Ching for a border guard at the Hangu Pass before leaving for the west.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The state of Qin fortified the pass in 361{{nbsp}}{{sc|bc}} as its eastern border,[1] protecting access to their homeland from the armies of the other Warring States competing to succeed the Zhou. It continued to protect the Guanzhong area of the Qin and Western Han empires. Under the Eastern Han that succeeded Wang Mang's "Xin dynasty", its fortifications protected the capital Luoyang in the other direction, staving off attacks coming from the west and northwest. After the fall of the Han and rise of the Three Kingdoms, the Hangu Pass lost most of its importance as the primary fortifications moved a little west to Tong Pass. Archaeological siteBetween 2012 and 2013 a team from the Luoyang Cultural Relics and Archaeological Institution conducted an archaeological excavation at the site in Xin'an, Luoyang, on an area of more than 3,000 square meters. This excavation brought several roads, platforms and walls to light.[2] Today, the archaeological site of the Hangu Pass in Xin’an is a museum park. It is also recognized by UNESCO as part of the world heritage site “Silk Roads”.[3] Hangu Pass in novelsIn Kingdom manga and anime, this pass was the last chokepoint Li Mu and his 5 allied Coalition Army in order to defeat Qin. Their attacks was repelled with great losses, forcing Li Mu to make a decision of attacking Xianyang via Zui. See also
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2015-07/15/content_21289770_3.htm|title=22 World Heritage sites in China along the Silk Road[3]- Chinadaily.com.cn|last=顾馨|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=2018-04-26}} {{Henan-geo-stub}}2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.kaogu.cn/en/News/New_discoveries/2014/0425/45972.html|title=Hangu Pass--the 2100 years ago’s pass site found in Henan province|last=|first=|date=2014-04-25|website=Chinese Archaeology|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-04-26}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1442/documents/|title=Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-04-13}} 2 : Mountain passes of China|Landforms of Henan |
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