| 词条 | Bhand |
| 释义 |
|group= Bahand |population = 33,000 |popplace = • India • Nepal |langs = • Urdu • Hindi • Kashmiri • Punjabi |rels= Islam |related= Naqqal }}Bahānds (Devanagari: भांड, Urdu: بھانڈ, Gurmukhi: ਭਾਂਡ) are the traditional folk entertainers of India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. In India and Nepal, the Bahand are now an endogamous Muslim community, which is no longer involved in their traditional occupation of folk entertainment.[1] They include actors, dancers, minstrels, storytellers and impressionists.[2][3] Payment for performances is usually voluntary: often, one performer goes around the audience collecting money on a "pay-what-you-can" basis while the others continue to perform.[3] While most bahands belong to families that are engaged in folk entertainment as their hereditary profession, their specific art forms vary greatly by region, community and language. The term bahand itself can also mean both a specific dramatic story or an entire form/school of drama. Bahand of Uttar PradeshIn Uttar Pradesh, the Bahand are an endogamous Muslim community. Their ancestors were employed at the court of the various local rulers as folk entertainers, in particular at the court of the Nawabs of Awadh. Most Bahand in Uttar Pradesh are no longer involved with folk entertainment. What now binds the community is a sense of stigma attached to the community on account of their ancestral occupation. They are now mainly involved in wage labour; many Lucknow city are rickshaw puller. Little is known about the origin of this community, other than that their ancestors were bahands. The community has been granted Other Backward Class status, which gives the community some benefits with regards reservation in public sector jobs. They are Sunni Muslims, and speak Urdu, and rarely dialects of Hindi. The Naqqal sub-group has done better, and now prefer the self-designation Kashmiri Shaikh. They are now a community of successful businessmen.[4] Bahand Pather of KashmirBahand Pather is a bahand of the Kashmir region in which stories commemorating the lives of reshis (Sufi Sages, both Hindus and Muslims) or more contemporary real or fictional figures are enacted.[5] The storylines (or pathers) are often humorous and satirical, and farce is an essential component of the plays.[5][6]Naqal of PunjabNaqal (mimicry) is a strong bahand tradition in the Punjab region.[3] The naqalchi (mimic, sometimes called the bahrupiya) adopts the persona of a well-known person or character and improvises, using satire and farce extensively, to entertain the audience.[3]The Ustad and jamoora formatThe ustad-jamoora format (ustad means master in Hindustani, while jamoora is an assistant or follower who is usually younger than the ustad) is a popular one in Hindi-speaking regions and involves only two bhand actors. Usually, the storylines consist of the ustad tutoring the jamoora to do or say something, and the jamoora responding with mechanical obedience with a subtle variation thrown in that creates a strong comical or satirical effect. See also
References1. ^{{Citation | title=History of Indian theatre | author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande | publisher=Abhinav Publications, 1992 | isbn=978-81-7017-278-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZrjC24PuDQC | quote=... The most popular of the medieval folk entertainers who still linger on the Indian scene are the Bahands. In Sanskrit Bahand means jester ... Bahands were patronised by the people and royalty alike ... small skits with extempore jokes, humour laced with social criticism ...}} {{Indian Muslim}}2. ^{{Citation | title=Supplement to the glossary of Indian terms | author= Henry Miers Elliot | publisher=N.H. Longden, 1845 | isbn= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThnNjANUtyoC | quote=... Those also are called Bahand who without reference to caste follow the occupation of singing, dancing, and assuming disguises ...}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{Citation | title=The world encyclopedia of contemporary theatre, Volume 3 | author=Don Rubin | publisher=Taylor & Francis, 2001 | isbn=978-0-415-26087-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=maGU4ziPQJQC | quote=... one actor goes around collecting money (pay-what-you-can) from the audience ... In the swang tradition is the naqal of Punjab: farcical in nature, it relies heavily on improvisation by the naqalchi ... The bahands are itinerant clowns. It is a centuries-old tradition in the villages, and very popular at marriages. It may be a solo performance, or a troupe may have two or three people. Dressed in rustic clothes ...}} 4. ^People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part One edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 261 to 262 Manohar Publications 5. ^1 {{Citation | title=South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka |author1=Peter J. Claus |author2=Sarah Diamond |author3=Margaret Ann Mills | publisher=Taylor & Francis, 2003 | isbn=978-0-415-93919-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC | quote=... At the heart of the form, though, is the broad, farcical playing of the maskharas, or clowns ...}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.koausa.org/BhandPather/index.html |title= The Bhand Pather of Kashmir}} 7 : Muslim communities of India|Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir|Social groups of Uttar Pradesh|Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh|Folk artists|Performing arts in India|Performing castes |
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