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词条 Big Four-class ocean liners
释义

  1. Origin

  2. History

  3. Features

  4. Ships' careers

      Celtic    Cedric    Baltic    Adriatic  

  5. Footnotes

  6. Bibliography

  7. External links

{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}{{Infobox ship image
Ship image=RMS Celtic postcard.jpgCeltic|1901|2}}
}}{{Infobox ship class overview		Builders=Harland and Wolff, Belfast, IrelandOperators=White Star LineClass before=Class after=Subclasses=Built range=1901–1906In service range=1901–1934Total ships planned=4Total ships completed=4Total ships lost=1Total ships retired=3Total ships preserved=0
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=Ship type=Ocean linerShip tonnage=21,000–24,550 tonShip displacement=700|to|730|ft|abbr=on}}75.3|ft|abbr=on}}Ship height=Ship draught=Ship draft=44|ft|abbr=on}}Ship decks=Ship deck clearance=Ship ramps=Ship ice class=Ship sail plan=Ship power=Ship propulsion=Steam quadruple expansion engines, powering two propellers17|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}Ship capacity=2,850 passengersShip crew=Ship notes=
}}

The Big Four-class ocean liners were a quartet of early-20th-century 20,000-ton ocean liners built by the Harland & Wolff shipyard for the White Star Line, to be the largest and most luxurious ships afloat. The group consisted of {{RMS|Celtic|1901|2}}, {{RMS|Cedric||2}}, {{RMS|Baltic|1903|2}} and {{RMS|Adriatic|1906|2}}.

Origin

In 1899, White Star Line commissioned the {{RMS|Oceanic|1899|6}}, which exceeded the {{SS|Great Eastern}} in length but not tonnage. After Thomas Ismay’s death, the order of Oceanic{{'}}s sister-ship, {{ship||Olympic|unfinished ship|2}} was cancelled. Instead, resources were transferred to the company’s new project; to build the grandest fleet of ships that had ever sailed the seas, the "Big Four".[1]

History

In 1901, the White Star Line ordered a series of four ships that were to be larger than the Great Eastern, terming these ships the "Big Four". The four ships were designed to have a tonnage in excess of 20,000 tons and rather than being built for speed and to compete for the Blue Riband, were designed to be more luxurious than their rivals.[2]{{full short|date=January 2019}}

The first of the four vessels was named {{RMS|Celtic|1901|2}}, and was ordered by Thomas Ismay before his death.[1] The Celtic was launched on {{nowr|4 April 1901}} and made her maiden voyage on 26 July. She was shorter than the Oceanic but was still longer than the Great Eastern.[1] After Celtic was completed, she was the biggest ship in the world at 21,035 gross tons.

The project was followed by the {{RMS|Cedric||2}}, which was launched on {{nowr|21 August 1902}} and made her maiden voyage on {{nowr|11 February 1903}}. At the time she was launched she was the biggest moving object ever built at 21,073 gross tons.

The project was followed by the {{RMS|Baltic|1903|2}}, which was launched on {{nowr|21 November 1903}} and made her maiden voyage on {{nowr|29 June 1904}}. She was the largest ship in the world at 23,876 gross tons until 1905, when the HAPAG's 24,581 gross ton {{SS|Kaiserin Auguste Victoria|3=2}} surpassed her in tonnage.[3]{{full short|date=January 2019}}

The popularity of White Star's Big Four was eventually overtaken by Cunard's {{RMS|Lusitania|3=2}} and {{RMS|Mauretania|1906|2}}, both of which were larger than the {{RMS|Adriatic|1906|2}}, at 24,541 gross tons the largest and also the fastest of the Big Four, but which was superseded in size before her launch by the Lusitania. Lastly the Red Star Line's {{SS|Lapland}}, at a more economical 17,000 tons, was a virtual sister ship to the Big Four in her layout and dimensions. Lapland was also built by Harland & Wolff.

Features

The Big Four had a tonnage of 21,000-to-24,500 tons, with the Baltic and the Adriatic much larger than the first two. However, the Adriatic, which was the largest of the four, was also the only one not to have held the title of largest passenger ship in world.[4]{{full short|date=January 2019}} The four ships were propelled by two propellers driven by steam quadruple expansion and reached an average speed of {{convert|16|kn|km/h}}, although their maximum speeds varied.

The silhouettes of the four vessels were similar, black hull with red keel and white superstructure. They were provided with four masts (two front and two rear) which supported the cables of wireless telegraphy. The two funnels were buff topped with a black sleeve.

The vessels had luxury on an unprecedented scale, with a dining room dominated by a glass roof, a lounge with a reading and writing room with many books and periodicals, also adorned with large picture windows, a covered promenade deck, a smoking room decorated stained glass[5]{{full short|date=January 2019}} and in the case of the Adriatic, an indoor pool and Turkish baths.[6]{{full short|date=January 2019}}

Ships' careers

Celtic

{{RMS|Celtic|1901|2}} was the first of the Big Four, which entered service in 1901. This was the first ship to exceed the Great Eastern in tonnage. Her career was marked by several accidents. Transformed into an auxiliary cruiser during the First World War, she struck a mine in 1917, killing 17 people.

In 1918, she was torpedoed by a German submarine, but was once again afloat. In 1925, she struck another vessel, but neither ship suffered consequences. The incident was repeated with another vessel in 1927. Finally, in 1928, she struck rocks off Cobh and was considered unrecoverable. It took five years for the ship to be completely dismantled.[7][8]{{full short|date=January 2019}}

Cedric

{{RMS|Cedric||2}} was put into service in 1903. Her commercial career was divided into transatlantic crossings and cruises. When the {{RMS|Titanic||2}} sank, the Cedric was docked in New York. After the sinking it was reported that J. Bruce Ismay, managing director of the White Star line, had attempted arranged by wireless code with the New York offices of his company to delay the sailing of Cedric until the {{RMS|Carpathia||2}} arrived in port so that he and the surviving crew members of the Titanic could return to England without setting foot on United States soil, however the Cedric sailed on schedule.[9]{{full short|date=January 2019}}

During the war, the Cedric was transformed into an auxiliary cruiser. On {{nowr|29 January 1918,}} the Cedric collided with, and sank the Canadian Pacific ship Montreal off Morecambe Bay. The Montreal was taken in tow but sank the next day {{convert|14|mi}} from the Mersey Bar lightvessel.

On 30 September 1923, the Cedric collided with {{RMS|Scythia}} of the Cunard Line in Queenstown harbour during dense fog. Neither vessel was seriously damaged. She was decommissioned in 1931 and was scrapped the following year.[10]

Baltic

Commissioned in 1904, the {{RMS|Baltic|1903|2}} played repeatedly a rescue part at sea. In 1909, she received the SOS from the {{RMS|Republic|1903}}, after a collision with SS Florida of Lloyd Italiano. In 1912, the night of the sinking of the Titanic, the Baltic received the distress call from the ship, but failed to join. She was also involved in a rescue on {{nowr|6 December 1929}}, when she assisted the sinking schooner Northern Light.

On 17 February 1933, she sailed for Osaka where she was scrapped.[11] Baltic was commonly accompanied by White Star tender SS Magnetic, which serviced her throughout most of her career. The two ships appear together on many White Star Line postcards.

Adriatic

{{RMS|Adriatic|1906|2}} entered service in 1907. She was the largest and most luxurious of the Big Four. Her career was marked by the events known by her sister ships, and she enjoyed a successful commercial career, even having the honor of opening the Southampton - New York route for the White Star Line.[4]{{full short|date=January 2019}} Her career was interrupted by the First World War, during which the ship made several voyages as a troop transport.[12]

The Adriatic was devoted full-time to cruising from 1933, and was retired the following year. She was scrapped in Japan in 1935.

Footnotes

1. ^1 2 {{Cite web |url=http://www.thegreatoceanliners.com/celtic2.html |title=The Great Ocean Liners: Celtic (II) |access-date=23 April 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5jxxW8eFL?url=http://www.thegreatoceanliners.com/celtic2.html |archive-date=22 September 2009 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
2. ^White Star Line Oceanic II 1899–1914, White Star Ships. Retrieved 27 July 2009
3. ^The Great Ocean Liners:Baltic
4. ^1 Adriatic 2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902082241/http://white-star.50webs.com/adriatic2.html |date=2 September 2011 }}, The White Star Line. Retrieved 27 July 2009
5. ^The Famous Big 4 of the New York – Liverpool Service – White Star Line – 1909 Brochure {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312043219/http://www.gjenvick.com/WhiteStarLine/1909-04-16-Brochure-TheFamousBig4-NewYork-Liverpool.html |date=12 March 2009 }}, Gjenvick–Gjønvik Archive. Retrieved 27 July 2009
6. ^{{fr icon}} Les Bains Turcs et la Piscine, le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 27 July 2009
7. ^White Star Line History Website: RMS Celtic
8. ^R.M.S. Celtic (II) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924120139/http://greatships.net/celtic2.html |date=24 September 2010 }}, Great Ships. Retrieved 28 July 2009
9. ^http://blogs.denverpost.com/titanic/2012/04/07/april-18-1912-ismay-saved-miracle-sneak-london/
10. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.thegreatoceanliners.com/cedric.html |title=The Great Ocean Liners: Cedric |access-date=23 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010101934/http://www.thegreatoceanliners.com/cedric.html |archive-date=10 October 2009 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
11. ^The Great Ocean Liners: Baltic
12. ^RMS Adriatic II {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001031624/http://www.ayrshirescotland.com/ships/ships/011adriatic.html |date=1 October 2009 }}, Ayrshire Scotland. Retrieved 27 July 2010

Bibliography

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite book|last=Chirnside|first=M.|date=2016|title=The Big Four of the White Star Fleet: Celtic, Cedric, Baltic & Adriatic|location=Stroud|publisher=The History Press|isbn=9780750965972}}
{{refend}}

External links

{{Commonscat-inline|Big Four (White Star Line)|Big Four-class ocean liners}}{{Big Four-class ocean liners}}

4 : Ships of the White Star Line|Ship classes|Ships built in Belfast|Ships built by Harland and Wolff
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